简介
This fully revised text provides an understandable, clear overview of the psychology of language. Using an information-processing approach, Carroll brings the current developments and controversies in psycholinguistics to students in an engaging style and sets them in historical context. Functional in its approach, it fills the need for an up-to-date and clearly written treatment of the field. It gives students a balanced look at the subject. He includes an evenhanded and consistent discussion from both camps within the psycholinguistics field- both the cognitive side and the developmental side of research-to give students a comprehensive overview. HIGHLIGHTS provides students with excellent preparatory material for the more indepth chapters that follow uses everyday examples throughout the book, and fundamental questions are approached from a variety of perspectives, including different theoretical positions, various research strategies and classical versus more contemporary research examines current controversies on an issue-by-issue basis, and the author explores which theoretical orientation to each issue is best supported by research gives new information on non-alphabetic orthographies revises the section on Memory for Discourse to include emphasis on verbatim propositional and situational representation includes a new discussion on aphasias in the biologicao foundations of language
目录
preface by halliday
王宗炎序
导读
preface
part
general issues
introduction: themes of psycholinguistics
introduction 4
the scope of psycholinguistics 5
language processes and linguistic knowledge
four language examples 6
summary 9
the historical context 9
early psycholinguisties 10
behaviorism and verbal behavior 11
later psycholinguistics 12
current directions 15
summary 16
review questions 16
thought questions 17
.2 linguistic principles
introduction 20
basic grammatical concepts 20
duality of patterning 22
morphology 23
phrase structure 24
linguistic productivity 26
summary 28
insights from sign language 28
differences between signed and spoken languages 29
similarities between signed and spoken languages 30
significance of sign language 32
summary 34
trausformational grammar 34
language and grammar 34
deep and surface structure 35
transformational rules 36
summary 38
issues in grammatical theory 39
psychological reality of grammar 39
lexical versus structural approaches 40
is language innate? 42
summary 43
review questions 43
thought questions 44
3 psychological mechanisms
introduction 46
the information processing system 47
sensory stores 47
working memory 48
permanent memory 49
relevance for language processing 50
summary 5l
central issues in language processing 51
serial and parallel processing 52
top-down and bottom-up processes 53
automatic and controlled processes 54
modularity 55
an example of language processing 56
summary 57
development of the processing system 57
perceptual processing 58
working memory 59
sensorimotor development 60
summary 62
review questions 63
thought questions 63
2 language comprehension
4 perception of language
introduction 68
the structure of speech 68
prosodic factors 69
articulatory phonetics 69
acoustic phonetics 72
summary 76
perception of isolated speech segments 76
levels of speech processing 76
speech as a modular system 77
the motor theory of speech perception 82
summary 84
perception of continuous speech 84
prosodic factors in speech recognition 85
semantic and syntactic' factors in speech perception 86
the trace model of speech perception 89
summary 90
perception of written language 90
different writing systems 90
levels of written language processing 92
eye movements during reading 92
perception of letters in isolation 94
perception of letters in word context 96
the interaction activation model 97
summary 99
review questions 99
thought questions 100
5 the internal lexicon
introduction 102
dimensions of word knowledge 103
phonological knowledge 103
syntactic knowledge 103
morphological knowledge 104
semantic knowledge 105
summary 109
organization of the internal lexicon 109
the concept ora semantic network 109
ttierarchical network models i 10
spreading activation models 114
summary 117
lexical access 117
models of lexical access 117
variables that influence lexical access 119
appraising models of lexical access 126
summary 127
review questions 127
thought questions 128
6 sentence comprehension and memory
introduction 130
immediate processing of sentences 131
parsing 131
parsing strategies 133
modular versus interactive models 135
summary 137
comprehending sentences in context 138
conventions 138
speech acts 139
metaphors 142
summary 146
memory for sentences 146
memory for meaning versus surface form 146
inferences and sentence memory 149
propositions and sentence memory 151
summary 152
review questions 152
thought questions 153
7 discourse comprehension and memory
introduction 156
comprehension of discourse 156
local and global discourse structure 156
cohesion 158
strategies used to establish coherence 160
role of working memory 165
summary 165
memory for discourse 166
surface representations 166
propositional representations 167
situational models 170
simultaneous investigations of all three levels 172
summary 173
schemata and discourse processing 174
schemata 174
genres 176
narrative discourse processing 177
inaccessibility of knowledge 180
summary 182
educational implications 183
actively processing discourse 184
connecting propositions in discourse 184
identifying the main points 185
building global structures 185
tailoring comprehension activities to tests i86
summary 186
review questions 187
thought questions 187
language production and conversational interaction
8 production of speech and language
introduction 192
slips of the tongue 193
types of speech errors 193
common properties of speech errors 194
explanations of speech errors 195
summary 197
formulating linguistic plans 197
serial models of linguistic planning 197
editing processes 201
parallel models of linguistic planning 203
summary 204
implementing linguistic plans 204
articulating 205
self-monitoring 209
summary 213
insights from sign language 213
slips of the hand 214
production rates 218
summary 219
review questions 219
thought questions 220
9 conversationallnteraction
introduction 222
thc structure of conversation 223
opening conversations 224
closing conversations 225
taking turns 226
negotiating topics of conversation 227
identifying participants and nonparticipants 229
summary 231
conversational participants 231
friends and acquaintances 231
gender differences in conversation 233
summary 237
conversational settings 237
personal and institutional settings 258
therapeutic discourse 238
other forms of institutional discourse 242
summary 243
review questions 243
thought questions 244
part
4 language acquisition
10 early language acquisition
introduction 248
prelinguistic communication 249
the social context of preverbal lnfants 249
prelinguistic gestures 251
summary 254
early phonology 255
the development of speech perception 256
the development of speech production 259
summary 262
one word at a time 262
lexieal development 263
holophrases 267
summary 269
early grammar 269
measures of syntactic growth 269
emergence of grammatical categories 271
comprehension and production 273
individual differences 274
summary 276
acquisition of sign language 276
summary 279
review questions 279
thought questions 279
11 later language acquisition
introduction 282
later gralninar 282
acquisition of morphology 284
later syntactic development 288
crosslinguistic investigations of later grammar 292
summary 293
metalinguistics and discourse 293
the emergence of linguistic awareness 293
discourse processes in children 296
summary 301
language in the school 301
communicating in the classroom 301
reading and language development 304
summary 307
review questions 307
thought questions 308
12 processes of language acquisition 309
introduction 310
the linguistic environment 311
feral and isolated children 311
motherese 314
summary 316
cognitive processes 317
operating principles 317
induction 318
sensorimotor schemata 519
impairments of language and cognition '520
summary 321
innate mechanisms 322
the language bioprogram hypothesis 322
parameter setting 325
the issue of negative evidence 327
summary 329
review questions 329
thought questions 330
5 language in perspective
13 biological foundations of language 333
introduction 334
brain mechanisms and language 335
clinical descriptions of aphasia 335
gesehwind's model of language processing 340
experimental studies of aphasia 342 '
implications for understanding normal language processing 344
summary 545
lateralization of language processes 346
split-brain research 346
lateralization in normal brains 349
contributions of the right hemisphere 3 51
lateralization in other species 353
summary 354
language in evolutionary context 354
evolution of language and lateralization 355
teaching language to nonhuman primates 357
summary 561
review questions 361
thought questions 362
14 language, culture, and cognition 363
introduction 364
the whorf hypothesis 364
linguistic determinism and relativity 365
some whorfian examples 365
summary 369
lexical influences on cognition 369
testing the whorf hypothesis 369
color terms 370
other lexical categories 373
number terms 374
summary 375
grammatical inruences on cognition 376
form perception 376
counterfactual reasoning 376
cognitive representation of number 379
final observations 381
summary 381
review questions 382
thought questions 382
glossary 383
references 403
author index 443
subject index 451
文库索引 459
王宗炎序
导读
preface
part
general issues
introduction: themes of psycholinguistics
introduction 4
the scope of psycholinguistics 5
language processes and linguistic knowledge
four language examples 6
summary 9
the historical context 9
early psycholinguisties 10
behaviorism and verbal behavior 11
later psycholinguistics 12
current directions 15
summary 16
review questions 16
thought questions 17
.2 linguistic principles
introduction 20
basic grammatical concepts 20
duality of patterning 22
morphology 23
phrase structure 24
linguistic productivity 26
summary 28
insights from sign language 28
differences between signed and spoken languages 29
similarities between signed and spoken languages 30
significance of sign language 32
summary 34
trausformational grammar 34
language and grammar 34
deep and surface structure 35
transformational rules 36
summary 38
issues in grammatical theory 39
psychological reality of grammar 39
lexical versus structural approaches 40
is language innate? 42
summary 43
review questions 43
thought questions 44
3 psychological mechanisms
introduction 46
the information processing system 47
sensory stores 47
working memory 48
permanent memory 49
relevance for language processing 50
summary 5l
central issues in language processing 51
serial and parallel processing 52
top-down and bottom-up processes 53
automatic and controlled processes 54
modularity 55
an example of language processing 56
summary 57
development of the processing system 57
perceptual processing 58
working memory 59
sensorimotor development 60
summary 62
review questions 63
thought questions 63
2 language comprehension
4 perception of language
introduction 68
the structure of speech 68
prosodic factors 69
articulatory phonetics 69
acoustic phonetics 72
summary 76
perception of isolated speech segments 76
levels of speech processing 76
speech as a modular system 77
the motor theory of speech perception 82
summary 84
perception of continuous speech 84
prosodic factors in speech recognition 85
semantic and syntactic' factors in speech perception 86
the trace model of speech perception 89
summary 90
perception of written language 90
different writing systems 90
levels of written language processing 92
eye movements during reading 92
perception of letters in isolation 94
perception of letters in word context 96
the interaction activation model 97
summary 99
review questions 99
thought questions 100
5 the internal lexicon
introduction 102
dimensions of word knowledge 103
phonological knowledge 103
syntactic knowledge 103
morphological knowledge 104
semantic knowledge 105
summary 109
organization of the internal lexicon 109
the concept ora semantic network 109
ttierarchical network models i 10
spreading activation models 114
summary 117
lexical access 117
models of lexical access 117
variables that influence lexical access 119
appraising models of lexical access 126
summary 127
review questions 127
thought questions 128
6 sentence comprehension and memory
introduction 130
immediate processing of sentences 131
parsing 131
parsing strategies 133
modular versus interactive models 135
summary 137
comprehending sentences in context 138
conventions 138
speech acts 139
metaphors 142
summary 146
memory for sentences 146
memory for meaning versus surface form 146
inferences and sentence memory 149
propositions and sentence memory 151
summary 152
review questions 152
thought questions 153
7 discourse comprehension and memory
introduction 156
comprehension of discourse 156
local and global discourse structure 156
cohesion 158
strategies used to establish coherence 160
role of working memory 165
summary 165
memory for discourse 166
surface representations 166
propositional representations 167
situational models 170
simultaneous investigations of all three levels 172
summary 173
schemata and discourse processing 174
schemata 174
genres 176
narrative discourse processing 177
inaccessibility of knowledge 180
summary 182
educational implications 183
actively processing discourse 184
connecting propositions in discourse 184
identifying the main points 185
building global structures 185
tailoring comprehension activities to tests i86
summary 186
review questions 187
thought questions 187
language production and conversational interaction
8 production of speech and language
introduction 192
slips of the tongue 193
types of speech errors 193
common properties of speech errors 194
explanations of speech errors 195
summary 197
formulating linguistic plans 197
serial models of linguistic planning 197
editing processes 201
parallel models of linguistic planning 203
summary 204
implementing linguistic plans 204
articulating 205
self-monitoring 209
summary 213
insights from sign language 213
slips of the hand 214
production rates 218
summary 219
review questions 219
thought questions 220
9 conversationallnteraction
introduction 222
thc structure of conversation 223
opening conversations 224
closing conversations 225
taking turns 226
negotiating topics of conversation 227
identifying participants and nonparticipants 229
summary 231
conversational participants 231
friends and acquaintances 231
gender differences in conversation 233
summary 237
conversational settings 237
personal and institutional settings 258
therapeutic discourse 238
other forms of institutional discourse 242
summary 243
review questions 243
thought questions 244
part
4 language acquisition
10 early language acquisition
introduction 248
prelinguistic communication 249
the social context of preverbal lnfants 249
prelinguistic gestures 251
summary 254
early phonology 255
the development of speech perception 256
the development of speech production 259
summary 262
one word at a time 262
lexieal development 263
holophrases 267
summary 269
early grammar 269
measures of syntactic growth 269
emergence of grammatical categories 271
comprehension and production 273
individual differences 274
summary 276
acquisition of sign language 276
summary 279
review questions 279
thought questions 279
11 later language acquisition
introduction 282
later gralninar 282
acquisition of morphology 284
later syntactic development 288
crosslinguistic investigations of later grammar 292
summary 293
metalinguistics and discourse 293
the emergence of linguistic awareness 293
discourse processes in children 296
summary 301
language in the school 301
communicating in the classroom 301
reading and language development 304
summary 307
review questions 307
thought questions 308
12 processes of language acquisition 309
introduction 310
the linguistic environment 311
feral and isolated children 311
motherese 314
summary 316
cognitive processes 317
operating principles 317
induction 318
sensorimotor schemata 519
impairments of language and cognition '520
summary 321
innate mechanisms 322
the language bioprogram hypothesis 322
parameter setting 325
the issue of negative evidence 327
summary 329
review questions 329
thought questions 330
5 language in perspective
13 biological foundations of language 333
introduction 334
brain mechanisms and language 335
clinical descriptions of aphasia 335
gesehwind's model of language processing 340
experimental studies of aphasia 342 '
implications for understanding normal language processing 344
summary 545
lateralization of language processes 346
split-brain research 346
lateralization in normal brains 349
contributions of the right hemisphere 3 51
lateralization in other species 353
summary 354
language in evolutionary context 354
evolution of language and lateralization 355
teaching language to nonhuman primates 357
summary 561
review questions 361
thought questions 362
14 language, culture, and cognition 363
introduction 364
the whorf hypothesis 364
linguistic determinism and relativity 365
some whorfian examples 365
summary 369
lexical influences on cognition 369
testing the whorf hypothesis 369
color terms 370
other lexical categories 373
number terms 374
summary 375
grammatical inruences on cognition 376
form perception 376
counterfactual reasoning 376
cognitive representation of number 379
final observations 381
summary 381
review questions 382
thought questions 382
glossary 383
references 403
author index 443
subject index 451
文库索引 459
Psychology of Language
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