简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
This introductory textbook on bioresources currently used in the 21st century focuses on chemical and material products and how they are manipulated for sustainability. Editors Clark (bioengineering, U. of York) and Deswarte (bioscience engineering, Ghent U., Belgium) have collected information from industrial scientists in the fields of chemistry and biotechnology to help bioengineering students understand such topics as biorefineries, the chemical value of biomass, green chemical technologies and the production of chemicals and biomaterials from biomass sources. The relationship between energy production from biomass and the need to develop renewable resources in the future is also examined. Annotation 漏2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
Nature provides us with an abundance of chemical potential. Presenting an overview of the use of bioresources in the 21st century, Introduction to Chemicals from Biomasscovers resources, chemical composition of biomass, key factors affecting composition, utilization of wastes, extraction technologies, controlled pyrolysis, fermentation, platform molecules, and green chemical technologies for their conversion to valuable chemicals. The text shows how smaller volume chemicals could become bulk chemicals as a result of a greater exploitation of biomass products, making it an important resource for academic and industrial scientists and researchers.
目录
Series Preface p. ix
Preface p. xi
List of Contributors p. xv
1 The Biorefinery Concept-An Integrated Approach James H. Clark and Fabien E. I. Deswarte p. 1
1.1 The Challenge of Sustainable Development p. 1
1.2 Renewable Resources - Nature and Availability p. 3
1.3 Impact on Ecosystem Services p. 5
1.4 The Biorefinery Concept p. 6
1.4.1 Definition p. 6
1.4.2 Different Types of Biorefinery p. 6
1.4.3 Challenges and Opportunities p. 14
1.5 Conclusions p. 18
References p. 18
2 The Chemical Value of Biomass David B. Turley p. 21
2.1 Introduction p. 21
2.1.1 Key Routes of Plant Exploitation for Chemical Raw Materials p. 23
2.2 Plant Oils p. 25
2.2.1 Abundance and Sources p. 25
2.2.2 Oil Profiles of Major Oil Crops p. 26
2.2.3 Oils with Modified Fatty-Acid Content p. 29
2.2.4 High Erucic Acid Oils p. 29
2.2.5 Novel Fatty-Acid Derivatives found in Plants that have Industrial Uses p. 30
2.2.6 Industrial Uses for Glycerol p. 31
2.3 Carbohydrates p. 31
2.3.1 Starches and Sugars p. 32
2.3.2 Cellulose p. 34
2.3.3 Hemicellulose p. 35
2.4 Lignin p. 35
2.5 Proteins p. 36
2.5.1 Healthcare Proteins p. 36
2.6 Waxes p. 37
2.7 Secondary Metabolites p. 37
2.7.1 Glucosinolates p. 39
2.7.2 Other Industrial Uses for Secondary Metabolites p. 39
2.8 Prospects Arising from Developments in Plant Biotechnology and Biorefining p. 40
2.8.1 Protection of Conventional Food Crop Chains p. 42
2.8.2 Cell and Tissue Culture p. 42
2.8.3 Biorefining p. 43
2.8.4 Thermochemical Routes of Exploitation p. 43
2.9 Concluding Comments p. 44
References p. 45
3 Green Chemical Technologies Francesca M. Kerton p. 47
3.1 Introduction p. 47
3.2 What are Green Chemistry and Green Engineering? p. 48
3.3 Evaluating the Environmental Effects of Chemistry and Green Metrics p. 51
3.4 Alternative Solvents p. 52
3.4.1 Supercritical Fluids p. 53
3.4.2 Water p. 56
3.4.3 Ionic Liquids p. 58
3.4.4 Other Alternatives to VOCs: 'Solventless', Biphasic and Bio-Sourced Solvents p. 59
3.5 Energy Considerations: Microwaves, Ultrasound, Electricity and Light p. 61
3.5.1 Microwave-Assisted Chemistry p. 61
3.5.2 Sonochemistry p. 62
3.5.3 Electrochemistry p. 64
3.5.4 Photochemistry p. 64
3.6 Catalysts p. 66
3.6.1 Homogeneous Catalysts p. 66
3.6.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts p. 68
3.6.3 Biocatalysts p. 70
3.7 Conclusions p. 71
References p. 72
4 Production of Chemicals from Biomass Apostolis A. Koutinas and C. Du and R.H. Wang and Colin Webb p. 77
4.1 Introduction p. 77
4.2 Carbohydrates p. 79
4.2.1 Chemical Production from Saccharides p. 79
4.2.2 Chemical Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass p. 87
4.3 Vegetable Oils p. 90
4.4 Chemical Production from Proteins p. 92
4.5 Chemical Production through Green Chemical Extraction of Biomass p. 93
References p. 94
5 Biomaterials Carlos Vaca-Garcia p. 103
5.1 Introduction p. 103
5.2 Wood and Natural Fibres p. 104
5.2.1 Molecular Constitution p. 104
5.2.2 Wood and Timber p. 106
5.2.3 Plant Fibres p. 112
5.3 Isolated and Modified Biopolymers as Biomaterials p. 116
5.3.1 Cellulose p. 117
5.3.2 Cellulose Esters p. 119
5.3.3 Cellulose Ethers p. 123
5.3.4 Starch p. 125
5.3.5 Chitin and Chitosan p. 127
5.3.6 Zein p. 128
5.3.7 Lignin Derivatives p. 128
5.4 Agromaterials, Blends and Composites p. 129
5.4.1 Agromaterials p. 129
5.4.2 Blends of Synthetic Polymers and Starch p. 132
5.4.3 Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) p. 133
5.4.4 Wood-Based Boards p. 135
5.5 Biodegradable Plastics p. 136
5.5.1 Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) p. 136
5.5.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) p. 137
5.5.3 Polycaprolactone (PCL) p. 138
5.5.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) p. 138
5.5.5 Cellulose Graft-Polymers p. 139
5.6 Conclusion p. 140
References p. 141
6 Production of Energy from Biomass Mehrdad Arshadi and Anita Sellstedt p. 143
6.1 Introduction p. 143
6.2 Physical Upgrading Processes p. 144
6.2.1 Refinement of Solids to Biofuel p. 144
6.2.2 Wood Powder p. 145
6.2.3 Briquette Production p. 145
6.2.4 Pellet Production p. 146
6.2.5 Torrefaction p. 149
6.3 Microbiological Processes p. 149
6.3.1 Organisms and Processes p. 149
6.3.2 Microbiological Ethanol Production p. 150
6.3.3 Production of Butanol from Bacteria p. 153
6.3.4 Production of Biodiesel from Plants and Algae p. 153
6.3.5 Biogas Production p. 154
6.3.6 Hydrogen Production p. 156
6.3.7 Artificial Photosynthesis p. 158
6.4 Thermochemical Processes p. 159
6.4.1 Thermal Processing Equipment p. 159
6.4.2 Gasification p. 161
6.4.3 Pyrolysis p. 163
6.4.4 Liquefaction p. 164
6.4.5 Combustion p. 164
6.5 Chemical Processes p. 165
6.5.1 Dimethy Ether (DME) p. 165
6.5.2 Biodiesel p. 166
6.5.3 Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) p. 166
6.5.4 Primary Alcohols p. 167
6.5.5 Ethanol from Sugar Feedstock p. 169
6.5.6 Ethanol from Starchy Feedstock p. 170
6.5.7 Ethanol from Cellulose Feedstock p. 171
6.6 Power Generation from Biomass p. 174
6.6.1 Fuel Cells p. 174
References p. 176
Index p. 179
Preface p. xi
List of Contributors p. xv
1 The Biorefinery Concept-An Integrated Approach James H. Clark and Fabien E. I. Deswarte p. 1
1.1 The Challenge of Sustainable Development p. 1
1.2 Renewable Resources - Nature and Availability p. 3
1.3 Impact on Ecosystem Services p. 5
1.4 The Biorefinery Concept p. 6
1.4.1 Definition p. 6
1.4.2 Different Types of Biorefinery p. 6
1.4.3 Challenges and Opportunities p. 14
1.5 Conclusions p. 18
References p. 18
2 The Chemical Value of Biomass David B. Turley p. 21
2.1 Introduction p. 21
2.1.1 Key Routes of Plant Exploitation for Chemical Raw Materials p. 23
2.2 Plant Oils p. 25
2.2.1 Abundance and Sources p. 25
2.2.2 Oil Profiles of Major Oil Crops p. 26
2.2.3 Oils with Modified Fatty-Acid Content p. 29
2.2.4 High Erucic Acid Oils p. 29
2.2.5 Novel Fatty-Acid Derivatives found in Plants that have Industrial Uses p. 30
2.2.6 Industrial Uses for Glycerol p. 31
2.3 Carbohydrates p. 31
2.3.1 Starches and Sugars p. 32
2.3.2 Cellulose p. 34
2.3.3 Hemicellulose p. 35
2.4 Lignin p. 35
2.5 Proteins p. 36
2.5.1 Healthcare Proteins p. 36
2.6 Waxes p. 37
2.7 Secondary Metabolites p. 37
2.7.1 Glucosinolates p. 39
2.7.2 Other Industrial Uses for Secondary Metabolites p. 39
2.8 Prospects Arising from Developments in Plant Biotechnology and Biorefining p. 40
2.8.1 Protection of Conventional Food Crop Chains p. 42
2.8.2 Cell and Tissue Culture p. 42
2.8.3 Biorefining p. 43
2.8.4 Thermochemical Routes of Exploitation p. 43
2.9 Concluding Comments p. 44
References p. 45
3 Green Chemical Technologies Francesca M. Kerton p. 47
3.1 Introduction p. 47
3.2 What are Green Chemistry and Green Engineering? p. 48
3.3 Evaluating the Environmental Effects of Chemistry and Green Metrics p. 51
3.4 Alternative Solvents p. 52
3.4.1 Supercritical Fluids p. 53
3.4.2 Water p. 56
3.4.3 Ionic Liquids p. 58
3.4.4 Other Alternatives to VOCs: 'Solventless', Biphasic and Bio-Sourced Solvents p. 59
3.5 Energy Considerations: Microwaves, Ultrasound, Electricity and Light p. 61
3.5.1 Microwave-Assisted Chemistry p. 61
3.5.2 Sonochemistry p. 62
3.5.3 Electrochemistry p. 64
3.5.4 Photochemistry p. 64
3.6 Catalysts p. 66
3.6.1 Homogeneous Catalysts p. 66
3.6.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts p. 68
3.6.3 Biocatalysts p. 70
3.7 Conclusions p. 71
References p. 72
4 Production of Chemicals from Biomass Apostolis A. Koutinas and C. Du and R.H. Wang and Colin Webb p. 77
4.1 Introduction p. 77
4.2 Carbohydrates p. 79
4.2.1 Chemical Production from Saccharides p. 79
4.2.2 Chemical Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass p. 87
4.3 Vegetable Oils p. 90
4.4 Chemical Production from Proteins p. 92
4.5 Chemical Production through Green Chemical Extraction of Biomass p. 93
References p. 94
5 Biomaterials Carlos Vaca-Garcia p. 103
5.1 Introduction p. 103
5.2 Wood and Natural Fibres p. 104
5.2.1 Molecular Constitution p. 104
5.2.2 Wood and Timber p. 106
5.2.3 Plant Fibres p. 112
5.3 Isolated and Modified Biopolymers as Biomaterials p. 116
5.3.1 Cellulose p. 117
5.3.2 Cellulose Esters p. 119
5.3.3 Cellulose Ethers p. 123
5.3.4 Starch p. 125
5.3.5 Chitin and Chitosan p. 127
5.3.6 Zein p. 128
5.3.7 Lignin Derivatives p. 128
5.4 Agromaterials, Blends and Composites p. 129
5.4.1 Agromaterials p. 129
5.4.2 Blends of Synthetic Polymers and Starch p. 132
5.4.3 Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) p. 133
5.4.4 Wood-Based Boards p. 135
5.5 Biodegradable Plastics p. 136
5.5.1 Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) p. 136
5.5.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) p. 137
5.5.3 Polycaprolactone (PCL) p. 138
5.5.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) p. 138
5.5.5 Cellulose Graft-Polymers p. 139
5.6 Conclusion p. 140
References p. 141
6 Production of Energy from Biomass Mehrdad Arshadi and Anita Sellstedt p. 143
6.1 Introduction p. 143
6.2 Physical Upgrading Processes p. 144
6.2.1 Refinement of Solids to Biofuel p. 144
6.2.2 Wood Powder p. 145
6.2.3 Briquette Production p. 145
6.2.4 Pellet Production p. 146
6.2.5 Torrefaction p. 149
6.3 Microbiological Processes p. 149
6.3.1 Organisms and Processes p. 149
6.3.2 Microbiological Ethanol Production p. 150
6.3.3 Production of Butanol from Bacteria p. 153
6.3.4 Production of Biodiesel from Plants and Algae p. 153
6.3.5 Biogas Production p. 154
6.3.6 Hydrogen Production p. 156
6.3.7 Artificial Photosynthesis p. 158
6.4 Thermochemical Processes p. 159
6.4.1 Thermal Processing Equipment p. 159
6.4.2 Gasification p. 161
6.4.3 Pyrolysis p. 163
6.4.4 Liquefaction p. 164
6.4.5 Combustion p. 164
6.5 Chemical Processes p. 165
6.5.1 Dimethy Ether (DME) p. 165
6.5.2 Biodiesel p. 166
6.5.3 Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) p. 166
6.5.4 Primary Alcohols p. 167
6.5.5 Ethanol from Sugar Feedstock p. 169
6.5.6 Ethanol from Starchy Feedstock p. 170
6.5.7 Ethanol from Cellulose Feedstock p. 171
6.6 Power Generation from Biomass p. 174
6.6.1 Fuel Cells p. 174
References p. 176
Index p. 179
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