圆明园长春园宫门区遗址发掘报告

　　 Commissioned by the Beijing Municipal Administration of 　　Cultural Heritage, the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage of 　　Beijing (RICHB) executed a survey of the relics of Yuanmingyuan ( 　　Garden of Perfect Splendor) from October to November in 2000, and 　　drafted the initial plan of archaeological excavation. Authorized 　　by China National Adminstration of Cultural Heritage, the 　　Yuanmingyuan Arehaeological Team of RICHB carried out staged 　　scientific excavations in the relics of the gate area of 　　Changchunyuan (Garden of Eternal Spring) of Yuanmingyuan in 2001, 　　2003 and 2004 respectively. The Report provides a comprehensive 　　summary of progress registered during the afore-mentioned 　　excavations. 　　 Changchunyuan is a royal garden built by Emperor Qianlong of 　　the Qing Dynasty for his activities during sparetime and after 　　retirement. In October 1860, Changehunyuan, along with 　　Yuanmingyuan and Yichunyuan ( Garden of Blossoming Spring) 　　suffered babarian looting by the Anglo-Freneh forees and was 　　burned down to the ground. Changchunyuan has become a site of 　　ruins before the excavation. With most of the site laid ashes and 　　base parts or minor traces of the buildings visible, the relics 　　of the gate area suffered most serious damage. 　　 Located south of Changchunyuan, the gate area tops all other 　　gardens in terms of scenic beauty. With its total space totalling 　　21,000m2, the excavation site runs 220 metres from south to 　　north, 90 metres from east to west and eovers 210 excavation 　　spots, each of which with the size of 10 ~ 10. The relics can be 　　divided into the South Zone and North Zone demarkated along the 　　gate and the walls to its east and west. A total of 24 building 　　relics are unearthed in the North and South zones. 11 of the 　　relics are located in the South zone and include gate, walls and 　　such auxiliary buildings as the Left Gate, Right Gate, the East 　　duty post. In addition, the unearthed also include the relics of 　　the East and West Chaofang ( Waiting Lounge) in front of the 　　Plaza, corridor resembling "?" (the Chinese character for 10) , 　　the South screen wall, underground drainage pipelines and the 　　early building sites. Among the other 13 relics unearthed in the 　　North zone, there are the gate to Pailou (decorated archway) and 　　its auxiliary buildings as court walls, the gate on the east 　　corner, relics of the corridor connecting the gate to Pailou and 　　the gate to Changchunyuan, the great hall of Danhuaitang, and 　　such building relics in the front court as the East and West side 　　halls, winding corridor, corridor resembling "?", the Zhongle 　　Pavilion in the North, and the underground drainage pipelines to 　　the east and west sides of the court of Danhuaitang. 　　 According to Historical Facts based on the Archives of Qing 　　Dynasty, the timing of the start of the construction of the 　　composite buildings in the gate area of the Changchunyuan is not 　　later than 1745, which corresponds with that of the construction 　　of the gar- den. Accordingly, the approximate closing year of 　　construction is 1747, since by September 16th of the year, the 　　board inscribed with the name of the garden, which is an 　　autograph by Emperor Qianlong, has been hung on the lintel of the 　　gate to the garden. The episode marks the conclusion of the 　　construction of the gate area and its readiness for use. 　　 Excavation demonstrates that the buildings in the gate area 　　of Changchunyuan follows strictly the principle of symmetry. A 　　north-south axis, which centered on the gate to the garden, is 　　included in the original design. The axis starts from the screen 　　wall in the south, runs north across the gate to the garden, the 　　gate to Pailou, the great hall of Danhuaitang and fnally reaches 　　the Zhongle Pavilion in the north tip. All other auxiliary 　　buildings are located to the east and west sides of the axis and 　　form a symmetry henceforth. 　　 The excavation is the first planned mission for archaelogical 　　and protection purposes by the Chinese Government ever since the 　　barbarian looting and destruction of Yuanmingyuan by the Anglo- 　　French in October 1860. The excavation thoroughly defined the 　　lay-out of construction and composition characteristics of the 　　gate area of Changchunyuan, and hence gained firsthand material. 　　The above achievement provides for authentic and reliable 　　material support for the drafting and implementation of the Plan 　　of Reconstruction and Protection of the Gate Area of 　　Changchunyuan in 2008, while fully attests to the signficance and 　　scientific value of the excavation vis-a-vis the protection of 　　relies. 　　 A comparative study of the excavation of the relics of the 　　gate area of Changchunyuan and the Measured Lay-out Map of Relies 　　of Yuanmingyuan and Changchunyuan (scale 1:2000 ) published by 　　the Beiping Municipal Administration of Public Affairs and Civil 　　Engineering in 1933 shows that this latest archaeological 　　excavation fills up 15 blanks in the foregoing Map, the most 　　significant of which is the discovery of the underground drainage 　　pipeline systems to the east and west sides of the court of 　　Danhuaitang and in the southern part of the gate plaza. 　　Conclusion can be drawn based on the discovery that comprehensive 　　and elaborate planning and design has been carried out before the 　　initiation of construction of Changchunyuan and the buildings in 　　its gate area. 　　 The burned, reddish and brittle relics of the ground bricks 　　in the north part of the platform surface of Danhuaitang 　　constitute undoubtedly piece of material evidence that the Anglo 　　-French troops committed barbarian plundering and burned down the 　　three gardens of Yuangmingyuan. 　　 It is safe to say that the excavation of the relics of the 　　gate area of Changchunyuan and the project of reconstruction and 　　protection executed in 2008 in the gate area of Changchunyuan 　　constitute both an innovative trial in terms of the protection 　　and harnessing of the relics of Yuanmingyuan, and accumumlation 　　of experimental experiences, and will have important and positive 　　bearing on the future protection of the relics of Yuangmingyuan.