An Introduction to Environmental Geophysics

目录
序
前言
第1章 概论
1．1 环境与环境问题
1．1．1 环境概念与分类
1．1．2 地球环境的演化
1．1．3 环境问题
1．2 环境地球物理学的发展与任务
1．2．1 环境地球物理学的形成
1．2．2 环境地球物理学的确定内容
1．2．3 环境地球物理学的特点
1．2．4 与相关学科的关系
基础篇
第2章 太阳辐射与地球环境
2．1 地球的物质结构
2．1．1 地球在太阳系中的位置
2．1．2 地球的形状与重力场
2．1．3 地球的构造
2．1，4 地球的物质组成
2．2 太阳与地球的空间作用
2．2．1 太阳的结构
2．2．2 太阳的辐射
2．2．3 太阳与地球的空间作用
2．3 大气的成分与结构
2．3．1 大气的物质成分
2．3．2 大气的结构
2．4 太阳辐射与大气相互作用
2．4．1 太阳辐射光谱
2．4．2 大气的散射作用
2．4．3 大气的折射
2．4．4 大气的吸收
2．5 地表热平衡与地球环境
2．5．1 地面热能平衡
2．5．2 大气环流的形成
2．5．3 海洋与大气相互作用
2．6 地面物体的光反射——可见光遥感的物理基础
2．6．1 水的反射光谱特性
2．6．2 植物的反射光谱特性
2．6．3 土壤的反射光谱特性
2．6．4 岩石的光谱特性
2．7 地球内部热源与地热测量
2．7．1 地球热能的来源
2．7．2 地球内部热能分布与地热场
2．7．3 地球的热传导方式
第3章 地球环境污染概述
3．1 大气环境污染
3．1．1 大气污染物与污染源
3．1．2 大气污染的危害
3．2 岩石圈表生带与土壤的环境污染
3．2．1 板块运动与全球变化
3．2．2 生态破坏与物质循环失衡
3．2．3 城市生活与工业废弃物对土壤的污染
3．2．4 石油及其化学物质造成土壤污染
3．2．5 农药使用对土壤的污染
3．2．6 土壤的自净与容量
3．2．7 土壤环境中污染物的迁移与转化
3．3 水环境污染
3．3．1 水体污染物和污染源
3．3．2 地下水污染
3．3．3 水体的自净与转化
3．4 物理环境问题
3．4．1 环境声学
3．4．2 环境振动
3．4．3 环境电磁学
3．4．4 光环境学
第4章 环境地磁方法
4．1 地球磁场与磁异常
4．1．1 地磁要素与分布
4．1．2 地磁场结构和磁异常
4．1．3 地磁场分布
4．1．4 地磁场的变化
4．2 天然物质的磁性特征
4．2．1 天然物质的磁性
4．2．2 物质的磁化强度与磁化率
4．2．3 铁磁物质的磁滞特征
4．2．4 物质的剩余磁性
4．3 磁性矿物与环境系统
4．3．1 磁性矿物的循环
4．3．2 磁性物质流与环境关系
4．4 磁力仪与磁测方法
4．4．1 磁力测量仪器的基本原理
4．4．2 环境样品磁性测量
4．5 高精度磁测
4．5．1 高精度磁测方法
4．5．2 数据的处理与解释
4．5．3 实际应用
第5章 环境电法勘查方法
5．1 地球电场概述
5．1．1 天然电磁场的特点
5．1．2 地下局部相对稳定的电流场——自然电场
5．1．3 被动源人工高频电磁波场
5．1．4 主动源稳定电流场和交变电磁场
5．2 电阻率法
5．2．1 电阻率法的基本原理
5．2．2 电阻率法的常用电极装置类型
5．2．3 高密度电阻率法
5．3 自然电场法
5．4 激发极化法
5．4．1 激发极化的机理
5．4．2 激发极化的特性
5．4．3 激发极化法测量中的视参数
5．4．4 激发极化法的装置
5．5 电磁感应法
5．5．1 频率域电磁法
5．5．2 时间域电磁法
5．6 探地雷达
5．6．1 方法原理及其技术特点
5．6．2 仪器和野外测量方式
5．6．3 数据处理和解释
5．7 地面核磁共振方法
5．7．1 地面核磁共振找水方法的基本原理
5．7．2 NMR方法的仪器特点及找水工作
5．7．3 数据处理、解释及其应用
5．8 激光技术与激光雷达方法
5．8．1 激光雷达的基本原理
5．8．2 激光雷达的应用
5．8．3 激光测量方法的应用
第6章 弹性波及其勘查方法
6．1 弹性波与传播介质
6．1．1 弹性波在介质中的传播特征
6．1．2 弹性波及其特征
6．2 地震勘查方法
6．2．1 野外勘查数据采集
6．2．2 资料处理与地质解释
6．3 瑞利面波方法和层析技术
6．3．1 瑞利面波方法
6．3．2 地震波层析技术
6．4 声波勘测方法
6．4．1 声辐射监测与工作方法
6．4．2 数据分析技术与解释
应用篇
第7章 气候变化的地球物理研究方法
7．1 气候变化的地温研究方法
7．2 地磁场与气候变化
7．3 利用天然γ测井曲线反演古气候变化
7．4 沙尘暴的来源与监测
7．4．1 沙尘暴现象的演化历史及地域分布
7．4．2 沙尘暴的发生条件
7．4．3 沙尘暴的发生步骤
7．4．4 沙尘暴的影响因素
7．4．5 沙尘暴的防治
7．4．6 沙尘暴的监测及预报
7．5 大气中颗粒物危害
7．5．1 大气颗粒物的研究方法
7．5．2 大气颗粒物研究内容
7．5．3 大气颗粒物的来源解析
7．5．4 大气颗粒物的干湿沉降和环境效应
7．6 磁性与大气微粒污染源判断研究
7．7 酸沉降污染卫星遥感调查〓
7．7．1 基本依据
7．7．2 工作方法
7．7．3 四川地区酸沉降分布
第8章 废弃物填埋场建设与监测
8．1 垃圾填埋场地基及地下浅水层勘测
8．1．1 地基勘察的电阻率方法
8．1．2 地基勘察的电磁感应法
8．1．3 地基构造调查的氡气测量法
8．1．4 地基构造调查的浅层地震法
8．1．5 探地雷达探测地下断层和结构
8．2 地下固体废弃物勘察
8．3 垃圾填埋场渗漏液的监测
8．3．1 垃圾填埋场渗漏液性质
8．3．2 地球物理探测方法
8．3．3 挥发性气体(VOC)探测方法
8．4 核废料渗漏监测
8．4．1 放射性废物的分类
8．4．2 放射性废物的地质处置
8．4．3 放射性废物的渗漏监测
第9章 工业泄漏及废液渗漏监测
9．1 地下输储油气管道泄漏探测
9．1．1 地下管道位置探测方法
9．1．2 管道腐蚀检测方法
9．2 油、气泄漏的探测
9．2．1 漏油区的电阻率特征
9．2．2 介质特征与探地雷达测量(GPR)方法
9．2．3 油气污染监测的红外吸收光谱法
9．2．4 NDIR装置系统
9．2．5 挥发性气体探测方法
第10章 放射性辐射环境监测
10．1 放射性与环境辐射
10．1．1 放射性基础知识
10．1．2 环境辐射源
10．1．3 辐射的生物效应
10．1．4 放射性的物理量和单位
10．2 环境辐射监测方法
10．2．1 总放射性活度测定
10．2．2 低本底γ能谱分析
10．2．3 剂量测量的仪器及原理
10．2．4 土壤中氡浓度测量
10．2．5 室内氡测量方法
10．2．6 水中氡浓度测量
10．3 区域环境天然放射性水平测量
10．3．1 环境辐射剂量率测量
10．3．2 环境氡的测量
10．4 核辐射应急监测
10．4．1 核事故早期的场外辐射监测
10．4．2 核事故中期的场外辐射监测
10．5 建筑材料放射性测量与评价
10．5．1 建筑材料的分类
10．5．2 建筑材料中的主要放射性核素
10．5．3 天然石材现场快速评价方法
第11章 水环境污染的检测与处置
11．1 地表淡水污染的检测与处置
11．1．1 我国江河湖海污染的发展态势
11．1．2 水污染的探测技术
11．1．3 湖水酸化污染的磁化率研究
11．1．4 水华蓝藻的处置试验
11．2 地下水污染的监测与处置
11．2．1 地下水的污染状况
11．2．2 地下水污染的探测方法
11．2．3 地下水漏斗的监测
11．2．4 地下水污染源的屏障处置技术
11．3 海水污染的监测与处置技术
11．3．1 卫星遥感探测赤潮的分布
11．3．2 地磁异常预测赤潮的尝试
11．3．3 赤潮的处置技术
11．3．4 海洋事故溢油的监测
11．3．5 海洋事故溢油的应急处置方法
11．4 海水入侵的探测
11．4．1 海水入侵的探测方法
11．4．2 海水入侵的防治
第12章 自然灾害的勘查
12．1 滑坡勘查
12．1．1 滑坡勘查的物性前提
12．1．2 滑坡形成的地球物理研究方法
12．1．3 用地球物理方法确定滑坡体的边界范围及滑面深度
12．1．4 滑坡的预测和监测方法
12．1．5 滑坡的防治
12．2 塌陷勘查
12．2．1 探查塌陷形成条件
12．2．2 喀斯特断裂及其充填物的岩石物理特征
12．2．3 应用实例
12．3 地裂缝勘查
12．3．1 用高密度电法对地裂缝进行探测
12．3．2 用高分辨率地震技术研究地裂缝成因
12．4 地面沉降的勘查
12．5 采空区勘查
12．6 陷落柱勘查
12．6．1 放射性方法——测量〓核素
12．6．2 高密度电法
12．6．3 瞬变电磁法
12．6．4 地震法
12．6．5 高精度磁测
12．7 煤层自燃勘查
12．7．1 氡气测量
12．7．2 用磁法勘查大致确定过火区范围
12．7．3 浅层测温法
12．8 土壤盐碱化调查
12．8．1 土壤盐碱化调查方法
12．9 堤坝隐患探测
第13章 自然灾害预测预报
13．1 重大自然灾害的预测原理
13．1．1 预测原理
13．1．2 预测思想和方法
13．2 地震的产生
13．2．1 早期的断层学说
13．2．2 断层学说的发展
13．2．3 组合模式
13．3 地震带及地震预测
13．3．1 全球地震带和中国地震带
13．3．2 地震预测
13．4 沙漠化研究
13．4．1 沙漠化的形成假说
13．4．2 中国的沙漠地带
13．4．3 为何中国沙漠位置偏北
13．4．4 黄土与沙漠化的关系
13．4．5 中国历史上的沙漠化
13．4．6 地形与沙漠化
13．4．7 大地震与沙漠化
13．4．8 构造稳定性与沙漠化
13．4．9 河流与沙漠的关系
13．4．10 沙漠化与沙尘暴
13．4．11 制止沙漠化的对策
13．4．12 地球熵增与沙漠化
13．5 空间天气
13．5．1 空间天气是什么?
13．5．2 空间天气产生的科学背景和应用背景
13．5．3 空间天气研究和预报的主要内容
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Environment and Environmental Problem
1.1.1 Concept and Classification
1.1.2 Evolvement of Earth Environment
1.1.3 Environmental Problem
1.2 Development and Task of Environmental Geophysics
1.2.1 Formation of Environmental Geophysics
1.2.2 Definite Content of Environmental Geophysics
1.2.3 Characteristics of Environmental Geophysics
1.2.4 Connection with Correlative Subject
Foundation
Chapter 2 Solar Radiation and Earth Environment
2.1 Physical Structure of Earth
2.1.1 Location of Earth in Solar System
2.1.2 Shape and Gravity Field of Earth
2.1.3 Structure of Earth
2.1.4 Physical Makeup of Earth
2.2 Space Action of Sun and Earth
2.2.1 Structure of Sun
2.2.2 Radiation of Sun
2.2.3 Space Action between Sun and Earth
2.3 Component and Structure of Atmosphere
2.3.1 Component of Atmosphere
2.3.2 Structure of Atmosphere
2.4 Interaction of Solar Radiation and Atmosphere
2.4.1 Solar Radiation Spectrum
2.4.2 Scattering of Atmosphere
2.4.3 Refraction of Atmosphere
2.4.4 Absorption of Atmosphere
2.5 Superterranean Thermal Equilibrium and Earth Environment
2.5.1 Geoclimatic Thermal Energy Balance
2.5.2 Formation of Atmospheric Circulation
2.5.3 Interaction of Sea and Atmosphere
2.6 Physical Basis of Visible Spectral Remote Sensing
2.6.1 Reflection Spectrum of Water
2.6.2 Reflection Spectrum of Plant
2.6.3 Reflection Spectrum of Soil
2.6.4 Spectrum Characteristic of Rock
2.7 Inner Heat Source of Earth and its Measurement
2.7.1 Source of Geoheat
2.7.2 Distribution of Internal Heat Energy in Earth and Geothermal Field
2.7.3 Styles of Heat Conduction in Earth
Chapter 3 Introduction to Earth Environmental Contamination
3.1 Atmospheric Contamination
3.1.1 Contaminants of Atmosphere and its Source
3.1.2 Endangerings of Atmospheric Contamination
3.2 Environmental Contamination of Lithospheric Hypergene Zone and Soil
3.2.1 Plate Motion and Global Change
3.2.2 Ecological Damage and Unbalance of Material Circulation
3.2.3 Contamination of Soil by Urban Domestic and Industrial Waste
3.2.4 Contamination of Soil by Petroleum and its Chemical Species
3.2.5 Contamination of Soil by Agriculture Chemical
3.2.6 Autopurification and Capability of Soil
3.2.7 Migration and Transformation of Contaminant in Soil Environment
3.3 Aquatic Environmental Contamination
3.3.1 Contaminant in Water and its Source
3.3.2 Contamination in Groundwater
3.3.3 Autopurification and Transformation of Water
3.4 Physical Environmental Problem
3.4.1 Environmental Acoustics
3.4.2 Environmental Vibration
3.4.3 Environmental Electromagnetics
3.4.4 Environmental Optics
Chapter 4 Environmental Geomagnetic Method
4.1 Geomagnetic Field and Magnetic Anomaly
4.1.1 Geomagnetic Elements and its Distribution
4.1.2 Structure of Geomagnetic Field and Magnetic Anomaly
4.1.3 Distribution of Geomagnetic Field
4.1.4 Change of Geomagnetic Field
4.2 Characteristics of Natural Magnetic Substance
4.2.1 Magnetism of Natural Substance
4.2.2 Magnetization and Magnetic Susceptibility of Substance
4.2.3 Hysteresis Characteristic of Ferromagnetic Substance
4.2.4 Remanent Magnetism of Substance
4.3 Magnetic Mineral and Environmental System
4.3.1 Circulation of Magnetic Mineral
4.3.2 Examples of Connection between Magnetic Material Flow and Environment
4.4 Magnetometer and Magnetic Survey Method
4.4.1 Fundamental Principle of Magnetometer
4.4.2 Magnetic measurement of Environmental Sample
4.5 Magnetic Measurement with High Precision
4.5.1 Magnetic Measurement Method with High Precision
4.5.2 Data Processing and Interpretation
4.5.3 Application
Chapter 5 Environmental Electrical Method
5.1 Introduction of Geoelectric Field
5.1.1 Characteristics of Natural Electromagnetic Field
5.1.2 Natural Electric Field
5.1.3 Aritificial High - frequency Electromagnetic Field in Passive Source
5.1.4 Constant Electric Field of Active Source
5.2 Resistivity Method
5.2.1 Fundamental Principle
5.2.2 Typical Electrode System
5.2.3 High Density Resistivity Method
5.3 Method of Natural Electric Field
5.4 Induced Polarization Method
5.4.1 Mechanism of Induced Polarization
5.4.2 Characteristic of Induced Polarization
5.4.3 Apparent Parameters of Induced Polarization Method
5.4.4 Induced Polarization System
5.5 Electromagnetic Induction Method
5.5.1 Electromagnetic Method in Frequency Domain
5.5.2 Electromagnetic Method in Time Domain
5.6 Ground Penetrating Radar
5.6.1 Principle and Technical Characteristics
5.6.2 Apparatus and Field Measurement System
5.6.3 Data Processing and Interpretation
5.7 Ground Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method
5.7.1 Fundamental Principle of NMR
5.7.2 Characteristics of NMR Apparatus and Water Detection
5.7.3 Data Processing, Data Interpretation and Application
5.8 Laser Technology and Laser Radar Method
5.8.1 Fundamental Principle of Laser Radar
5.8.2 Application of Laser Radar
5.8.3 Application of Laser Measurement Method
Chapter 6 Elastic Wave and Surveying method
6.1 Elastic Wave and Transmission Medium
6.1.1 Transmission Characteristics of Elastic Wave in Medium
6.1.2 Elastic Wave and its Characteristics
6.2 Seismic Prospecting Method
6.2.1 Data Gathering
6.2.2 Data Processing and Geologic Interpretation
6.3 Method of Rayleigh Surface Wave Method and Tomography Technology
6.3.1 Rayleigh Surface Wave Method
6.3.2 Seismic Tomography
6.4 Acoustic Method
6.4.1 Acoustic Radiation Monitoring and Methods
6.4.2 Data Analysis and Interpretation
Application
Chapter 7 Geophysical Method for Climate Change
7.1 Earth Temperature Method
7.2 Geomagnetic Field and Climate Change
7.3 To Research Paleoclimate Change Using Natural γ Logging
7.4 Source and Monitoring of Sandstorm
7.4.1 Evolvement and Geographic Distribution
7.4.2 Generation Condition
7.4.3 Generation Procedure
7.4.4 Influential Factor
7.4.5 Control
7.4.6 Monitoring and Prediction
7.5 Endangerings of Atmospheric Granule
7.5.1 Research Method of Atmospheric Granule
7.5.2 Research Content of Atmospheric Granule
7.5.3 Source Analysis of Atmospheric Granule
7.5.4 Dry or Wet Sedimentation and Environmental Effect of Atmospheric Granule
7.6 To Research of Magnetic and Atmospheric Particulate
7.7 Survey of Acid Deposition Contamination using Contaminant Source
7.7.1 Basic Phenomena
7.7.2 Methods
7.7.3 Acid Deposition in Sichuan Province
Chapter 8 Construction and Monitoring of Waste Landfill
8.1 Investigation of Landfill Foundation and Water Table Aquifer
8.1.1 Using Resistivity Method to Prospect Foundation
8.1.2 Using Electromagnetic Induction Method to Prospect Foundation
8.1.3 Using Radon Survey to Investigate Ground Construction
8.1.4 Using Shallow Seismic Prospecting to Investigate Ground Construction
8.1.5 Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Detect Subsurface Fault and Structure
8.2 Prospecting of Underground Solid Waste
8.3 Monitoring of Landfill Leachate
8.3.1 Property of Landfill Leachate
8.3.2 Geophysical Method
8.3.3 Volatile Gas Method
8.4 Monitoring Leakage of Nuclear Waste
8.4.1 Classification of Radiative Waste
8.4.2 Geological Disposal of Radiative Waste
8.4.3 Monitoring Leakage of Radiative Waste
Chapter 9 Monitoring Industrial Leakage and Waster Liquid Leakage
9.1 Detecting Leakage of Petoleum Delivery and Storage pipeline
9.1.1 Detecting Location of Underground Pipeline
9.1.2 Detecting Corrosion of Pipeline
9.2 Detecting Leakage of Oil and Gas
9.2.1 Resistivity Characteristics of Petroleum Dripping Area
9.2.2 Medium Characteristics and Ground Penetrating Radar Method
9.2.3 Using Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy to Monitoring Oil - gas Contamination
9.2.4 Apparatus System of NDIR
9.2.5 Volatile Gas Method
Chapter 10 Monitoring of Environmental Radiation
10.1 Radioactivity and Environmental Radiation
10.1.1 Radioactivity
10.1.2 Environmental Radioactive Source
10.1.3 Physical Quantity and Unit of Radioactivity
10.1.4 Quantities and Units of Radioactivity
10.2 Monitoring Method of Environmental Radiation
10.2.1 Determination of Gross Radioactivity Activity
10.2.2 Analysis of γ Spectrum in Low Background
10.2.3 Measuring Apparatus of Dosage and its Principle
10.2.4 Measurement of Radon Concentration in Soil
10.2.5 Indoor Radon Measurement Method
10.2.6 Aquatic Radon Measurement
10.3 Measurement of Regional Environmental Natural Radioactivity Level
10.3.1 Measurement of Regional Environmental γ Radiation
10.3.2 Measurement of Environmental Radon
10.4 Emergency Monitoring of Nuclear Radiation
10.4.1 Offboard Radiation Monitoring of Early time in Nuclear Accident
10.4.2 Offboard Radiation Monitoring of Mediumterm in Nuclear Accident
10.5 Measurement and Assessment of Radioactivity of Building Materials
10.5.1 Classification of Building Materials
10.5.2 Main Radioactive Nuclides in Building Materials
10.5.3 Site Quick Assessment Method of Natural Dimension Stone
Chapter 11 Detection and Disposal of Aquatic Environmental Contamination
11.1 Detection and Disposal of Terrene Fresh Water Contamination
11.1.1 Contamination of River, Lake, and Sea in China
11.1.2 Detection Technique of Water Contamination
11.1.3 Research of Magnetic Susceptibility for Lake Acidification Contamination
11.1.4 Disposal Test of Blooms and Blue Algae
11.2 Monitoring and Disposal of Groundwater Contamination
11.2.1 Situation of Groundwater Contamination
11.2.2 Detection Method of Groundwater Contamination
11.2.3 Monitoring of Groundwater Depression
11.2.4 Barrier Disposal Technique of Groundwater Contaminant Source
11.3 Monitoring and Disposal of Seawater Contamination
11.3.1 To Detect Distribution of Red Tide Using Satellite Remote Sensing
11.3.2 An Attempt to Predict Red Tide Using Magnetic Anomaly
11.3.3 Disposal Technique of Red Tide
11.3.4 Monitoring of Oil Spill in Oceanic Accident
11.3.5 Method of Emergency Disposal for Oil Spill in Oceanic Accident
11.4 Detection of Seawater Intrusion
11.4.1 Detection Methods of Seawater Intrusion
11.4.2 Control of Seawater Intrusion
Chapter 12 Prospecting of Natural Disaster
12.1 Prospecting of Landslide
12.1.1 Premises of Physical Property in Landslide Prospecting
12.1.2 To Study Formation of Landslide Using Geophysical Method
12.1.3 Determining Boundary of Landslide and Depth of Sliding Face
12.1.4 Prediction and Monitoring Method of Landslide
12.1.5 Control of Landslide
12.2 Prospecting of Collapse
12.2.1 Prospecting of Formation Conditions of Collapse
12.2.2 Karst Fracture and Rocky Physical Characteristics of its Filler
12.2.3 Applied Example
12.3 Prospecting of Geofracture
12.3.1 To Detect Geofracture Using High Density Resistivity Method
12.3.2 To Study Genesis of Geofracture Using High Resolution Seismic Technique
12.4 Prospecting of Land Subsidence
12.5 Prospecting of Goaf
12.6 Prospecting of Falling
12.6.1 Measuring <'218>Po Nuclide
12.6.2 High Density Resistivity Method
12.6.3 Transient Electromagnetic Method
12.6.4 Seismic Method
12.6.5 High Precision Magnetic Measurement
12.7 Prospecting of Autoignition of Coal Bed
12.7.1 Radon Survey
12.7.2 To Determine Fire Area Using Magnetic Method
12.7.3 Shallow Thermometry
12.8 Investigation of Land Salination
12.8.1 Investigation Method of Land Salination
12.9 Detection of Hidden Dangers in Dam
Chapter 13 Prediction of Natural Disaster
13.1 Predicting Principle of Momentous Natural Disaster
13.1.1 Predicting Principle
13.1.2 Idea and Method of Prediction
13.2 Generation of Earthquake
13.2.1 Faulf theory in Early Time
13.2.2 Development of Fault Theory
13.2.3 Complex Models
13.3 Earthquake Belt and Earthquake Prediction
13.3.1 Global Earthquake Belt and Chinese Earthquake Belt
13.3.2 Earthquake Prediction
13.4 Desertification Research
13.4.1 Forming theories of Desertifieation
13.4.2 Desertification Belts in China
13.4.3 Why the Desertification is in Northem Position
13.4.4 Loess and Desertification
13.4.5 Desertification in China Histories
13.4.6 Geography and Desertification
13.4.7 Large Earthquake and Desertification
13.4.8 Tectonics and Desertification
13.4.9 Rivers and Desertification
13.4.10 Desertification and Sandstorm
13.4.11 Methods in Controlling Desertification
13.4.12 Increase of Earth Entropy and Desertification
13.5 Space Weather
13.5.1 What is Space Weather
13.5.2 Scientific and Applied Background of Generation of Space Weather
13.5.3 Main Content of Research in Space Weather and Prediction