简介
在中国经济学界，王则柯教是少数能用汉畅的语言或精彩的故事，将经济学的高深和精妙通俗化，并传达给大众的大家之一，他有着“不写作就不会思考”的习惯，几十年来笔耕不缀，为读者奉献了许多上佳作品本书所记录的，是位世界著名经济学家在经济学领域中探索耕耘的心路历程；本书所传达的，是他们为经济学思想的演进和发展所做出的卓越贡献；本书所推崇的，是他们热爱生活、坚持真理、独树一帜的崇高风范和人格。
经济学的著作汗牛充栋，介绍经济学家的书籍也数以百计，许多著作因然博大精深，却难免叫人高山仰止。在许多读者的印象中，经济学家似乎都是天马行空的奇才，我们努力把他们“还原”回来，并着力发掘这些经济学家求学、步入经济学殿堂，以及在科学研究和探索上的贡折历程。不放过那些看似偶然的契机是我们的追求。也许有一天，你也会走上这样的道路。在《经济学家成长的故事》出版后，应广大读者要求，本书继续以讲故事的方式和通俗流畅的笔触，向经济管理专业师生和对经济学和经济学家感兴趣的读者，介绍另一批有特色的经济学家，其中，大多数仍是未曾获得诺奖桂冠学者的介绍已经委很热，我们不想再凑热闹；二是书中所介绍的经济学家有可能成为未来的诺奖获得者，在《经济学家成长的故事》刚出版不久，斯蒂格利茨的获奖便是明证。
目录
preface
1、introduction
objectives
history
applications
biological inspiration
further reading
2、neuron model and network architectures
objectives
theory and examples
notation
neuron model
single-input neuron
transfer functions
multiple-input neuron
network architectures
a layer of neurons
multiple layers of neurons
recrrent networks
summary of results
.solved problems
epilogue
exercises
3、an illustrative example
objectives
theory and examples
problem statement
perceptron
two-input case
pattern recognition example
hamming network
feedforward layer
recurrent layer
hopfield network
epilogue
exercise
4、perceptron learning rule
objectives
theory and examples
learning rules
perceptron architecture
single-neuron perceptron
multiple-neuron perceptron
perceptron learning rule
test problem
constructing learning rules
unified learning rule
training multiple-neuron perceptrons
proof of convergence
notation
proof
limitations
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
5、signal and weight vector spaces
objectives
theory and examples
linear vector spaces
linear independence
spanning a space
inner product
norm
orthogonality
gram-schmidt orthogonalization
vector expansions
reciprocal basis vectors
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
6、linear transformations for neural networks
objectives
theory and examples
linear transformations
matrix representations
change of basis
eigenvalues and eigenvectors
diagonalization
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
7、supervised hebbian learning
objectives
theory and examples
linear associator
the hebb rule
performance analysis
pseudoinverse rule
application
variations of hebbian learning
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
8、performance surfaces and optimum points
objectives
theory and examples
taylor series
vector case
directional derivatives
minima
necessary conditions for optimality
first-order conditions
second-order conditions
quadratic functions
eigensystem of the hessian
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
9、performance optimization
objectives
theory and examples
steepest descent
stable learning rates
minimizing along a line
newton's method
conjugate gradient
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
10、widrow-hoff learning
objectives
theory and examples
adaline network
single adaline
mean square error
lms algorithm
analysis of convergence
adaptive filtering
adaptive noise cancellation
echo cancellation
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
11、backpropagation
objectives
theory and examples
multilayer perceptrons
pattern classification '
function approximation
the backpropagation algorithm
performance index
chain rule
backpropagating the sensitivities
summary '
example
using backpropagation
choice of network architecture
convergence
generalization
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
12、variations on backpropagation
objectives
theory and examples
drawbacks of backpropagation
performance surface example
convergence example
heuristic modifications of backpropagation
momentum
variable learning rate
numerical optimization techniques
conjugate gradient
levenberg-marquardt algorithm
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
13、assoeiative learning
objectives
theory and examples
simple associative network
unsupervised hebb rule
hebb rule with decay
simple recognition network
instar rule
kohonen rule
simple recall network
outstar rule
summary of results
solved problems .
epilogue
further reading
exercises
14、competitive networks
objectives
theory and examples
hamming network
layer 1
layer 2
competitive layer
competitive learning
problems with competitive layers
competitive layers in biology
self-organizing feature maps
improving feature maps
learning vector quantization
lvq learning
improving lvq networks (lvq2)
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
15、grossberg network
objectives
theory and examples
biological motivation: vision
illusions
vision normalization
basic nonlinear model
two-layer competitive network
layer 1
layer 2
choice of transfer function
learning law
relation to kohonen law
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
16、adaptive resonance theory
objectives
theory and examples
overview of adaptive resonance
layer 1
steady state analysis '
layer 2
orienting subsystem
learning law: li-l2
subset/superset dilemma
learning law
learning law: l2-li
arti algorithm summary
initialization
algorithm
other art architectures
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
17、stability
objectives
theory and examples
recurrent networks
stability concepts
definitions
lyapunov stability theorem
pendulum example
lasalle's invariance theorem
definitions
theorem
example
comments
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
18、hopfield network
objectives
theory and examples
hopfield model
lyapunov function
invariant sets
example
hopfield attractors
effect of gain
hopfield design
content-addressable memory
hebb rule
lyapunov surface
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
19、epilogue
objectives
theory and examples
feedforward and related networks
competitive networks
dynamic associative memory networks
classical foundations of neural networks
books and journals
epilogue
further reading
1、introduction
objectives
history
applications
biological inspiration
further reading
2、neuron model and network architectures
objectives
theory and examples
notation
neuron model
single-input neuron
transfer functions
multiple-input neuron
network architectures
a layer of neurons
multiple layers of neurons
recrrent networks
summary of results
.solved problems
epilogue
exercises
3、an illustrative example
objectives
theory and examples
problem statement
perceptron
two-input case
pattern recognition example
hamming network
feedforward layer
recurrent layer
hopfield network
epilogue
exercise
4、perceptron learning rule
objectives
theory and examples
learning rules
perceptron architecture
single-neuron perceptron
multiple-neuron perceptron
perceptron learning rule
test problem
constructing learning rules
unified learning rule
training multiple-neuron perceptrons
proof of convergence
notation
proof
limitations
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
5、signal and weight vector spaces
objectives
theory and examples
linear vector spaces
linear independence
spanning a space
inner product
norm
orthogonality
gram-schmidt orthogonalization
vector expansions
reciprocal basis vectors
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
6、linear transformations for neural networks
objectives
theory and examples
linear transformations
matrix representations
change of basis
eigenvalues and eigenvectors
diagonalization
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
7、supervised hebbian learning
objectives
theory and examples
linear associator
the hebb rule
performance analysis
pseudoinverse rule
application
variations of hebbian learning
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
8、performance surfaces and optimum points
objectives
theory and examples
taylor series
vector case
directional derivatives
minima
necessary conditions for optimality
first-order conditions
second-order conditions
quadratic functions
eigensystem of the hessian
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
9、performance optimization
objectives
theory and examples
steepest descent
stable learning rates
minimizing along a line
newton's method
conjugate gradient
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
10、widrow-hoff learning
objectives
theory and examples
adaline network
single adaline
mean square error
lms algorithm
analysis of convergence
adaptive filtering
adaptive noise cancellation
echo cancellation
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
11、backpropagation
objectives
theory and examples
multilayer perceptrons
pattern classification '
function approximation
the backpropagation algorithm
performance index
chain rule
backpropagating the sensitivities
summary '
example
using backpropagation
choice of network architecture
convergence
generalization
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
12、variations on backpropagation
objectives
theory and examples
drawbacks of backpropagation
performance surface example
convergence example
heuristic modifications of backpropagation
momentum
variable learning rate
numerical optimization techniques
conjugate gradient
levenberg-marquardt algorithm
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
13、assoeiative learning
objectives
theory and examples
simple associative network
unsupervised hebb rule
hebb rule with decay
simple recognition network
instar rule
kohonen rule
simple recall network
outstar rule
summary of results
solved problems .
epilogue
further reading
exercises
14、competitive networks
objectives
theory and examples
hamming network
layer 1
layer 2
competitive layer
competitive learning
problems with competitive layers
competitive layers in biology
self-organizing feature maps
improving feature maps
learning vector quantization
lvq learning
improving lvq networks (lvq2)
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
15、grossberg network
objectives
theory and examples
biological motivation: vision
illusions
vision normalization
basic nonlinear model
two-layer competitive network
layer 1
layer 2
choice of transfer function
learning law
relation to kohonen law
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
16、adaptive resonance theory
objectives
theory and examples
overview of adaptive resonance
layer 1
steady state analysis '
layer 2
orienting subsystem
learning law: li-l2
subset/superset dilemma
learning law
learning law: l2-li
arti algorithm summary
initialization
algorithm
other art architectures
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
17、stability
objectives
theory and examples
recurrent networks
stability concepts
definitions
lyapunov stability theorem
pendulum example
lasalle's invariance theorem
definitions
theorem
example
comments
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
18、hopfield network
objectives
theory and examples
hopfield model
lyapunov function
invariant sets
example
hopfield attractors
effect of gain
hopfield design
content-addressable memory
hebb rule
lyapunov surface
summary of results
solved problems
epilogue
further reading
exercises
19、epilogue
objectives
theory and examples
feedforward and related networks
competitive networks
dynamic associative memory networks
classical foundations of neural networks
books and journals
epilogue
further reading
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