帝范[缩微胶片]:二卷/（唐）太宗李世民撰.臣轨:二卷

Table Of Contents:
PART ONE Modeling Environmental Problems 1(96)

The Role of Economics in Environmental Management 3(26)

Economics and the Environment 4(5)

The Fundamental Model of Economic Activity: The Circular Flow Model 4(2)

The Materials Balance Model 6(2)

Design for Disassembly: Materials Management at BMW 8(1)

Fundamental Concepts in Environmental Economics 9(5)

Identifying the Causes of Environmental Damage: Types of Pollutants 10(1)

Identifying the Sources of Pollution: Classifying Polluting Sources 10(1)

Identifying the Scope of Environmental Damage: Local, Regional, and Global Pollution 11(3)

Identifying Environmental Objectives 14(6)

Environmental Quality 15(1)

Conflict between Economic Development and the Environment: China's View 16(1)

Sustainable Development 17(1)

Biodiversity 17(1)

National Income Accounting and the Bias against Environmental Assets 18(2)

Environmental Policy Planning: An Overview 20(9)

Risk Assessment 20(1)

Risk Management 20(3)

The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies: Valdez Principles 23(6)

Modeling the Market Process: A Review of the Basics 29(34)

Market Models: The Fundamentals 30(1)

Defining the Relevant Market 30(1)

Specifying the Market Model 30(1)

The Model of Supply and Demand: An Overview 30(2)

The Purpose of the Model 31(1)

Building a Basic Model: Competitive Markets for Private Goods 31(1)

Market Demand 32(6)

The Law of Demand 32(1)

Consumer Demand and Environmental Issues: What Really Matters? 33(1)

Modeling Individual Demand 33(1)

Deriving Market Demand from Individual Demand Data 34(4)

Market Supply 38(5)

The Law of Supply 38(1)

Modeling Individual Supply 38(1)

Profit Opportunities in Green Markets: Japan Takes the Lead 39(2)

Deriving Market Supply from Individual Supply Data 41(2)

Market Equilibrium 43(3)

Equilibrium Price and Quantity 43(1)

Market Adjustment to Disequilibrium 44(2)

The Economic Criteria of Efficiency 46(6)

Allocative Efficiency 46(1)

Recycling Efforts and the Volatile Market for Newsprint 47(5)

Technical Efficiency 52(1)

Welfare Measures: Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus 52(11)

Consumer Surplus 53(2)

Producer Surplus 55(1)

The Welfare of Society: Sum of Consumer and Producer Surplus 56(1)

Measuring Welfare Changes 57(6)

Modeling Market Failure 63(34)

Environmental Problems: A Market Failure 64(1)

Environmental Quality: A Public Good 64(2)

Characteristics of Public Goods 65(1)

Modeling a Public Goods Market for Environmental Quality 66(8)

Allocative Efficiency in the Market for a Public Good 66(4)

Assessing the Implications 70(2)

Understanding the Market Failure of Public Goods Markets 72(1)

Boston Harbor: The Changing Condition of an Environmental Public Good 73(1)

The Solution: Government Intervention 74(1)

Environmental Problems: Externalities 74(5)

Informing the Public through Truth in Advertising: Green Marketing Guidelines 75(1)

The Basics of Externality Theory 76(1)

Environmental Externalities 76(1)

Tokyo's Just-in-Time Deliveries Create a Negative Externality 77(1)

An Industry Response to a Negative Consumption Externality: CD Product Packaging 78(1)

The Relationship between Public Goods and Externalities 79(1)

Modeling Environmental Damage as a Negative Externality 79(7)

Defining the Relevant Market 79(1)

Modeling the Private Market for Refined Petroleum 79(1)

Inefficiency of the Competitive Equilibrium 80(1)

Modeling the External Costs 81(1)

Modeling the Marginal Social Costs and Marginal Social Benefits 82(1)

The Efficient Equilibrium 82(3)

Measuring the Welfare Gain to Society 85(1)

Market Failure Analysis 85(1)

The Absence of Property Rights 86(11)

The Coase Theorem 87(1)

Bargaining When Property Rights Belong to the Refineries 88(2)

Bargaining When Property Rights Belong to the Recreational Users 90(1)

Limitations of the Coase Theorem 91(1)

Common Property Resources 91(1)

The Solution: Government Intervention 92(5)
PART TWO Modeling Solutions to Environmental Problems 97(58)

Conventional Solutions to Environmental Problems: The Command-and-Control Approach 99(24)

The Use of Standards in Environmental Policy 100(1)

Types of Environmental Standards 100(1)

The Economic Implications of Using Standards 101(1)

Are Environmental Standards Set at an Allocatively Efficient Level? 101(11)

The Marginal Social Benefit of Abatement 102(1)

The Marginal Social Cost of Abatement 102(1)

Industrial Pollution and Damages to Human Health: Catano, Puerto Rico 103(1)

Abatement Costs: The Promise of Remediation Technology 104(4)

Are Abatement Standards Set Efficiently? 108(4)

General Approaches to Implementing Environmental Policy 112(2)

Methods Used by Government to Reduce Environmental Pollution 113(1)

Is the Command-and-Control Approach Cost-Effective? 114(9)

The Cost-Ineffectiveness of the Technology-Based Standard 114(1)

The Cost-Ineffectiveness of Uniform Standards 115(8)

Economic Solutions to Environmental Problems: The Market Approach 123(32)

A Descriptive Overview 124(2)

Identifying Types of Market Instruments 124(2)

Pollution Charges 126(9)

Modeling a Product Charge as a Per Unit Tax 127(1)

Modeling an Emission Charge: The Single Polluter Case 128(3)

Modeling an Emission Charge: The Multiple Polluter Case 131(2)

Pollution Charges in Practice 133(1)

Taxing Gasoline Consumption: An International Comparison 134(1)

Environmental Subsidies 135(4)

Modeling an Abatement Equipment Subsidy 135(2)

Modeling a Per Unit Subsidy on Pollution Reduction 137(1)

State Subsidies for Recycling Programs 138(1)

Environmental Subsidies in Practice 139(1)

Deposit/Refund Systems 139(5)

The Economics of Deposit/Refund Systems 140(1)

Modeling a Deposit/Refund System 140(2)

Deposit/Refund Systems in Practice 142(1)

The Mechanics of a Deposit/Refund System: ``Bottle Bills'' 143(1)

Pollution Permit Trading Systems 144(11)

The Structure of a Pollution Permit Trading System 144(1)

Modeling a Pollution Permit System for Multiple Polluters 145(4)

Pollution Permit Trading Systems in Practice 149(1)

Fighting Acid Rain with Pollution Rights: The First Annual Auction 150(5)
PART THREE Analytical Tools for Environmental Planning 155(126)

Environmental Decision Making: Public Policy Development 157(25)

A Model of Environmental Public Policy Development 158(7)

Phase I: Identification of the Environmental Problem 158(3)

How American Citizens Are Influencing Environmental Agenda 161(1)

Phase II: Environmental Decision Making and Risk Analysis 162(3)

Phase III: Environmental Policy Appraisal 165(1)

The Key Players in Environmental Decision Making 165(17)

Environmentalists 167(1)

Private Industry 168(1)

Working Together: Strategic Environmental Partnerships 169(2)

Government and Its Administrative Agencies 171(4)

Scientists 175(1)

Environmental Impact Statements under the NEPA 176(1)

Economics 177(5)

Environmental Risk Analysis 182(24)

Concept of Risk 183(2)

Classifying Risk: Voluntary and Involuntary Risk 183(2)

Defining Environmental Risk 185(1)

Risk Assessment in Environmental Decision Making 185(10)

EPA Declares Secondhand Smoke a Carcinogen 186(1)

Hazard Identification 187(2)

A Model for Assessing Ecological Risks Dose--Response Analysis 189(3)

EPA's IRIS: A Health Effects Database 192(1)

Exposure Analysis 192(1)

Risk Characterization 193(1)

The Dynamics of Risk Assessment: The Case of Dioxin 194(1)

Risk Management in Environmental Decision Making: Responding to Risk 195(11)

The Tasks of Risk Management 195(2)

Risk Management Strategies 197(1)

Using Comparative Risks to Communicate the Dangers of Radon 198(8)

Assessing Benefits for Environmental Decision Making 206(31)

Identifying and Valuing Environmental Benefits: Conceptual Issues 207(9)

Defining Incremental Benefits 207(1)

Incremental Benefit Estimates for Revising U.S. Particulate Matter Standards 208(1)

Defining Primary and Secondary Environmental Benefits 209(1)

Conceptually Valuing Environmental Benefits 209(4)

User versus Existence Value 213(1)

The Endangered Species Act 214(2)

Approaches to Measuring Environmental Benefits: An Overview 216(2)

Physical Linkage Approach to Environmental Benefit Valuation 216(1)

Behavioral Linkage Approach to Environmental Benefit Valuation 216(2)

Estimation under the Physical Linkage Approach 218(4)

The Damage Function Method 218(3)

Valuing Agricultural Benefits: The Case of Tropospheric Ozone Reductions 221(1)

Direct Estimation Methods under the Behavioral Linkage Approach 222(3)

The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) 222(3)

Indirect Estimation Methods under the Behavioral Linkage Approach 225(12)

Averting Expenditure Method (AEM): An Indirect Approach Using Substitutes 225(3)

Travel Cost Method (TCM): An Indirect Approach Using Complements 228(3)

Hedonic Price Method (HPM): An Indirect Approach Using Product Attributes 231(6)

Assessing Costs for Environmental Decision Making 237(16)

Identifying and Valuing Environmental Costs: Conceptual Issues 238(5)

Defining Incremental Costs 238(1)

Explicit Environmental Costs 238(1)

Implicit Environmental Costs 239(1)

Conceptually Valuing Environmental Costs 239(4)

Estimation Methods for Measuring Explicit Costs 243(2)

The Engineering Approach 243(1)

The Survey Approach 244(1)

Cost Classification in Practice 245(8)

Cost Classifications by Economic Sector 245(3)

Abatement Control Costs on Motor Vehicles 248(1)

Cost Classifications by Environmental Media 249(4)

Benefit--Cost Analysis in Environmental Decision Making 253(28)

Adjusting for the Time Dimension of Environmental Benefits and Costs 254(6)

Present Value Determination 255(2)

Inflation Correction 257(1)

A Summary of Deriving Time-Adjusted Benefits and Costs 258(1)

An Example: Time-Adjusted Incremental Benefits 259(1)

The Final Analysis: Comparing Environmental Benefits and Costs 260(3)

Step One: Determining Feasibility 261(1)

Step Two: Decision Rules to Select among Feasible Options 262(1)

Reservations about the Use of Benefit--Cost Analysis 263(1)

Measurement Problems 263(1)

Equity Issues 264(1)

U.S. Government Support of Benefit--Cost Analysis 264(7)

Benefits, Costs, and Risk Analysis in Environmental Rulemaking 265(1)

Executive Order 12291: Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) 266(3)

Executive Order 12866: Economic Analysis (EA) 269(2)

A Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA): Reducing Lead in Gasoline 271(10)

Estimating the Incremental Benefits of the Lead Standard Proposal 271(2)

Estimating the Incremental Costs of the Lead Standard Proposal 273(1)

Putting It All Together: Benefit-Cost Analysis 274(1)

The Final Decision 275(6)
PART FOUR The Case of Air 281(128)

Defining Air Quality: The Standard-Setting Process 283(39)

An Overview of Air Quality Legislation in the United States 284(6)

In the Beginning 285(1)

California Smog and the Automobile Industry 286(3)

Current U.S. Policy 289(1)

Defining the Objectives of Air Quality Control 290(2)

Identifying Major Air Pollutants 290(2)

Setting Standards as a National Definition of Air Quality 292(1)

Standards for Criteria Air Pollutants 292(1)

Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 293(1)

Establishing an Infrastructure to Implement the Standards 293(6)

State Implementation Plans 293(2)

Air Quality Control Regions 295(1)

Reclassification of AQCRs to Protect ``Clean Air Areas'' 295(1)

1990 Reclassification of Nonattainment Areas by Criteria Pollutant 296(1)

Monitoring Air Quality across Regions 296(2)

Market Incentives to Phase Out Lead Emissions 298(1)

Economic Analysis of U. S. Air Quality Policy 299(1)

A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Clean Air Act 300(9)

A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Pre-1990 Clean Air Act 300(5)

A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the 1990 Amendments 305(4)

A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Air Quality Standards 309(13)

Absence of Cost Consideration in the Standard-Setting Process 309(1)

The Inequities of Air Pollution---Who Suffers More? 310(2)

Uniformity of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 312(10)

Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile and Stationary Sources 322(48)

Urban Air Pollution: An Important Policy Motivation 324(4)

Measuring U.S. Urban Air Quality 324(1)

Urban Smog 325(2)

Mexico City's Serious Smog Problem 327(1)

Controlling Mobile Sources 328(5)

The ``Big Three'' Form a Research Consortium in the 1990s. 329(1)

A Brief Retrospective on Motor Vehicle Emission Controls 330(1)

Current U.S. Controls on Motor Vehicles and Fuels 330(2)

Changing Fuels for America's Automobiles: The Pros and Cons 332(1)

Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls 333(9)

The Absence of Benefit--Cost Analysis: An Inefficient Decision Rule 334(1)

Uniformity of Auto Emissions Standards 335(3)

Inherent Bias against New versus Used Automobiles 338(1)

Implications of Clean Fuel Alternatives 339(1)

The ``Cash for Clunkers'' Program 340(1)

Are Fuel-Based Control Strategies Cost-Effective Solutions? 341(1)

Controlling Stationary Sources 342(7)

Age-Specific Control Differences: New versus Existing Sources 343(2)

Location-Specific Control Differences: PSD versus Nonattainment Areas 345(1)

Controlling Acidic Deposition 346(3)

Economic Analysis of Stationary Source Controls 349(21)

The Relative Cost of Using Command-and-Control Instruments 349(2)

Uniform Technology-Based NSPS 351(4)

The Dual-Control Approach and the New Source Bias 355(2)

The Economics of Market-Based Trading Programs 357(13)

Global Air Quality: Policies for Ozone Depletion and Global Warming 370(39)

The Problem of Ozone Depletion 371(2)

Searching for the Causes of Ozone Depletion 371(2)

Controlling Ozone Depletion 373(5)

International Agreements to Control Ozone Depletion 373(2)

U.S. Policy to Control Ozone Depletion 375(3)

An Economic Analysis of U.S. Policy on Ozone Depletion 378(4)

Searching for Alternatives to CFCs: The Corporate Response 381(1)

The Problem of Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming 382(5)

Understanding the Potential Problem 382(1)

Scientific Uncertainty 383(2)

Predicting the Potential Effects of Global Warming 385(2)

The Policy Response to Global Warming 387(5)

The International Response 387(2)

The U.S. Response 389(1)

Investigating Market-Based Policy Options 390(1)

The EPA's ``Green Lights Program'' 391(1)

Economic Analysis of Global Warming Control Policies 392(17)

Estimating the Benefits of Controlling Global Warming: Two Opposing Views 393(2)

An Economic Model of the Market Failure 395(2)

Evaluating Market-Based Policies 397(1)

Environmental Least-Cost Planning: Utilities Learn the Economics of Pricing Pollution 398(2)

The Btu Tax: A Market-Based Energy Proposal 400(9)
PART FIVE The Case of Water 409(110)

Defining Water Quality: The U.S. Clean Water Act 411(39)

Understanding Water Resources for Policy Development 412(5)

Identifying Water Resources and Their Interdependence 412(3)

Targeting Water Quality Policy 415(1)

Deterioration and Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay 416(1)

Setting the Policy Agenda 417(1)

Water Quality Legislation in the United States: An Overview 417(6)

Early U. S. Water Quality Laws 418(1)

Evolving toward Today's Policy Position 419(1)

U.S. Policy to Protect Ocean Waters 420(2)

The Clean Water Action Plan 422(1)

Policy Objectives under the Clean Water Act 423(4)

The Zero Discharge Goal 424(1)

The Fishable--Swimmable Goal 424(1)

No Toxics in Toxic Amounts 424(1)

The Ecological and Economic Impacts of Oil Tanker Spills 425(1)

Identifying Pollutants under the Clean Water Act 425(2)

Defining Water Quality: Standard Setting under the Clean Water Act 427(2)

Use Designation 427(1)

Water Quality Criteria 427(2)

Analysis of Receiving Water Quality Standards 429(5)

Administrative Problems in Establishing Water Quality Criteria 430(1)

Absence of Benefit--Cost Analysis in Setting the Standards 430(2)

How Much Is Cleaner Water Worth to Marine Sportfishing? 432(1)

Lack of Consistency with the Technology-Based Effluent Limitations 432(2)

Benefit--Cost Analysis of U.S. Water Quality Control Policy 434(16)

Benefit--Cost Analysis of the FWPCA of 1972 435(4)

Advances in Benefit--Cost Analysis of U.S. Water Quality Policy 439(11)

Improving Water Quality: Controlling Point and Nonpoint Sources 450(36)

Controlling Point Sources: Effluent Limitations 451(2)

An Overview of the Effluent Limits and National Permits 451(1)

Technology-Based Effluent Limitations for Direct Industrial Dischargers 452(1)

Analysis of Effluent Limitations on Point Sources 453(6)

Administrative Delays 454(1)

Imprecise and Inconsistent Definitions 454(1)

Toxic Fish Consumption: Are the Risks Equitable? 455(1)

Meeting the Zero Discharge Goal 456(1)

The Absence Economic Decision Rules 456(3)

Waste Treatment Management and the POTW Program 459(1)

The Pre-1987 Federal Grant Program 460(1)

Shift to the State Revolving Fund (SRF) Program in 1987 460(1)

Analysis of the POTW Funding Program 460(5)

Assessing the Accomplishments Attributable to Federal Subsidies 461(1)

Inefficiencies in the Grant Program 462(1)

The POTW Grant Program: Displacement of Local Funding 463(1)

Equity Implications 464(1)

Controlling Nonpoint Sources 465(2)

The EPA's Nonpoint Source Agenda for the Future 466(1)

Analysis of Controls on Nonpoint Sources 467(4)

Delegating Control to the States: The Pros 467(1)

Delegating Control to the States: The Cons 468(1)

Analyzing the Federal Role in Nonpoint Source Controls 469(2)

Proposals for Reform: Using the Market 471(15)

Market Approaches to Point Source Pollution 471(1)

Germany's Effluent Charge System 472(4)

Market Approaches to Nonpoint Source Pollution 476(10)

Protecting Drinking Water: The U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act 486(33)

The Evolution of U. S. Safe Drinking Water Legislation 487(3)

Setting Standards to Protect Drinking Water 487(2)

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 489(1)

The Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1986 489(1)

The Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1996 490(1)

Objectives of the Safe Drinking Water Act 490(5)

Who Regulates the Quality of Bottled Water? 492(2)

Pesticides and Other Agrichemicals in U. S. Groundwater 494(1)

Pollutants Controlled under the Safe Drinking Water Act 494(1)

Setting Standards to Define Safe Drinking Water 495(4)

Establishing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 495(3)

Strengthening Controls on Lead Contamination of Water Supplies 498(1)

Current Status of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) 499(1)

Establishing National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations 499(1)

Analysis of U.S. Safe Drinking Water Policy 499(9)

The Federal Role: Setting the Standards 501(3)

The Regulatory Impact Analysis(RIA) for the New Lead Standard in Drinking Water 504(2)

The State and Local Role: Compliance and Enforcement 506(2)

Economic Principles in Pricing Water supplies 508(11)

An International Comparison 508(1)

Pricing Practices of U.S. Water Utilities 509(10)
PART SIX The Case of Solid Wastes and Toxic Substances 519(102)

Managing Hazardous Solid Waste and Waste Sites 521(38)

Characterizing the Hazardous Waste Problem 522(5)

The Magnitude and Source of the Problem 522(3)

The Hazardous Waste Site Called Love Canal 525(2)

The Evolution of U.S. Solid Waste Policy 527(5)

Federal Recognition of the Solid Waste Problem 527(1)

Developing Policy to Control the Risks of Hazardous Wastes 527(4)

Hazardous Wastes from leaking Underground Storage Tanks 531(1)

Controlling Hazardous Wastes: RCRA 532(3)

The ``Cradle-to-Grave'' Management Approach 532(2)

Moving toward Pollution Prevention 534(1)

Analysis of U.S. Hazardous Waste Policy 535(10)

Risk-Based, Uniform Rules of Identification 535(1)

Benefit-Based, Uniform Standards 536(1)

Failures of the Manifest System 536(2)

Market Implications of the 1984 Land Restrictions 538(3)

INFORM's Study of Industrial Source Reduction Activities 541(3)

Market Instruments in Hazardous Waste Control Policy 544(1)

Using the Market to Control Hazardous Wastes 545(1)

Managing Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites: CERCLA 545(4)

Response and Cleanup 546(2)

Compensation, Liability, and Enforcement 548(1)

Emergency Planning 548(1)

An Analysis of Superfund 549(10)

Assessing Superfund's Performance 549(1)

What's Wrong with Superfund? 550(9)

Managing Municipal Solid Waste 559(32)

Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste 560(1)

Observing a Trend 560(1)

The Composition of MSW in the United States 561(7)

International Comparisons 563(2)

The Facts on Recycling Plastics 565(3)

The Policy Response: An Overview 568(3)

States' Responsibilities 568(1)

State Recycling Goals: New Jersey's Solid Waste Initiative 569(1)

Federal Responsibilities 569(1)

Germany's Green Dot Program 570(1)

The Current Policy Direction 571(1)

Modeling the Market for MSW Management Services 571(6)

The Supply of MSW Services 572(1)

The Demand for MSW Services 573(1)

Resource Misallocation in the Market for MSW Services 574(2)

Garbage or Resource? The Case of Scrap Tires 576(1)

A Market Approach to MSW Policy 577(14)

Back-End or Waste-End Charges 578(2)

Front-End or Retail Disposal Charges 580(1)

``Bag-and-Tag'' Systems: An Alternative to Seattle's Per-Can Pricing Scheme 581(2)

Deposit/Refund Systems 583(8)

Controlling Toxic Chemicals: Production, Use, and Disposal 591(30)

An Overview of U.S. Pesticide Controls: FIFRA 592(5)

A Brief Retrospective 592(1)

Controlling New Pesticides through Registration 593(1)

Pesticide Cancellation: The Case of Ethylene Dibromide 594(1)

Controlling Existing Pesticides through Reregistration 595(1)

Solving the Delaney Clause Dilemma 596(1)

Analysis of FIFRA 597(2)

Risk--Benefit Analysis under FIFRA 597(1)

Problems in Risk Assessment 598(1)

A New Policy Direction 599(1)

An Overview of U.S. Legislation on Toxic Substances: TSCA 599(3)

The Policy Response to Chemical Risks 599(1)

Controlling the Introduction of New Chemicals 600(2)

Controlling Existing Chemicals in Use 602(1)

Analysis of TSCA 602(2)

Risk--Benefit Analysis under TSCA 602(1)

Bias against New Chemical Introductions 603(1)

A New Policy Direction 604(1)

An Economic Analysis of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxics Policy 604(17)

Cost Analysis of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxic Control Policies 604(4)

Benefits of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxic Substance Control Policies 608(2)

Evaluating the Evidence 610(4)

Hazardous Waste Sites: Are the Risks Disproportionate? 614(7)
PART SEVEN Environmental Management in Transition 621(36)

Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development 623(34)

Sustainable Development 624(8)

Revisiting the Materials Balance Model 625(1)

A Short-Term Policy Approach 626(1)

Moving toward the Long Run: Sustainable Development 627(1)

The Potential Conflict between Economic Gain and Environmental Quality 628(3)

Industrial Ecosystems: When a Bad Becomes a Good 631(1)

Pollution Prevention 632(5)

Moving toward Pollution Prevention: U.S. Laws and Directives 633(1)

Strategies to Implement Pollution Prevention 633(1)

The Corporate Experience 634(1)

Economic Analysis of Pollution Prevention 635(2)

International Cooperative Arrangements 637(7)

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 638(1)

International Agreements to Control Transboundary Pollution 639(2)

International Trade Agreements and Environmental Protection 641(1)

The London Dumping Convention (LDC): An International Agreement on Ocean Dumping Rules 642(2)

Domestic Partnerships 644(4)

Government-Sponsored Partnerships 645(1)

Cooperative Arrangements within Industry 646(1)

An Industry's Response to Pollution Prevention:The Chemical Manufacturers Association's ``Responsible Care Program'' 647(1)

Education and Technology Transfer 648(9)

Environmental Literacy 648(1)

Information and Technology Transfer 649(8)
References 657(24)
Glossary 681(10)
Index 691