简介
This book serves as a comprehensive atlas of the developmental histology of the major organs from 15 weeks gestation to the neonatal period. Each section includes text on basic embryologic processes that influence the development of each organ and highlight major histologic features that correspond with certain developmental periods. In addition, there聽are many color photomicrographs at key developmental stages to assist the reader in identifying appropriate histologic changes at each developmental stage. This book will be of great聽value to students of embryology, pathology residents and fellows, and attending pathologists who perform fetal autopsies.
目录
Dedication 5
Preface 7
Contributors 9
Contents 11
SECTION I Cardiovascular System 15
1: Heart and Blood Vessels 16
Embryology 16
Histology 17
Pericardium 18
Epicardium 18
Myocardium 19
Endocardium 21
Specialized Structures of the Heart 23
Papillary Muscles and Cordae Tendineae 23
Valve Leaflets and Cusps 23
Conduction System 26
Blood Vessels 28
Aorta 28
Ductus Arteriosus 29
Umbilical Vein 30
References 31
SECTION II Respiratory Tract 32
2: Lung 33
Embryology 34
Histology 35
General Overview of Postnatal Pulmonary Histology 35
Fetal Pulmonary Developmental Stages 39
Embryonic stage 39
Pseudoglandular stage 40
Canalicular stage 41
Saccular stage 43
Alveolar stage 44
Special Considerations 45
Intra-acinar Pulmonary Arterioles 45
Intrapulmonary Karyorrhectic Cells 46
Intrapulmonary Squamous Cells 46
References 47
SECTION III Digestive System 48
3: Gastrointestinal Tract 49
Embryology 49
Histology 50
General Considerations 50
Organization of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract 50
Timing and sequence of developmental events 50
Esophagus 51
Less than 14 weeks 51
14 to 30 weeks 53
30 to 40 weeks 55
Stomach 57
Less than 14 weeks 57
14 to 30 weeks 59
30 to 40 weeks 61
Small Intestine 62
Less than 14 weeks 62
14 to 30 weeks 64
30 to 40 weeks 68
Large Intestine, Appendix, and Anal Canal 69
Less than 14 weeks 69
14 to 30 weeks 69
30 to 40 weeks 74
References 75
4: Liver 76
Embryology 76
Mechanisms of Development of the Liver 76
Development of the Hepatic Vasculature 77
Histology 78
Hepatic Lobule 78
Biliary Tract 82
References 85
5: Pancreas 87
Embryology 87
Histology 88
Exocrine Pancreas 88
Endocrine Pancreas 90
Other Histologic Features 92
References 93
6: Salivary Glands 94
Embryology 94
Histology 94
References 99
SECTION IV Genitourinary Tract 100
Early Embryology of the Genitourinary Tract 101
Primitive Genitourinary Tract 101
General 101
Mesonephros and Mesonephric Duct 102
Ectodermal Ring 104
Inguinal Region and Caudal Gonadal Ligaments 104
Bipotential Genital Tract 107
Bipotential Gonads 107
Bipotential Mesonephric and Paramesonephric Ducts 108
Fate of the Paramesonephric Duct in the Male 108
References 110
7: Kidney 111
Embryology 111
Histology 113
References 122
8: Urinary Bladder 123
Embryology 123
Histology 124
References 126
9: Testis 127
Embryology 127
Histology 129
General Overview 129
10 to 20 Weeks Postmenstrual Age (Figs. 9-2 \u2013 9-10) 129
Maturation of fetal Leydig cells 129
Maturation of germ cells: transformation of gonocytes into fetal spermatogonia 133
Other changes 134
20 to 40 Weeks Postmenstrual Age (Figs. 9-12 \u2013 9-32) 134
Regression and dedifferentiation of fetal Leydig cells 134
Maturation of germ cells 134
Other changes 134
Two Months Postnatal Age: Mini Puberty (Figs. 9-33 \u2013 9-35) 141
Special Considerations 142
Paramesonephric remnants 143
Mesonephric remnants 144
Adrenal cortical rests 145
Testicular embryonic remnants 146
References 147
10: Epididymis 148
Embryology 148
Histology 149
General Overview 149
Fetal Histology 150
References 157
11: Vas Deferens 158
Embryology 158
Histology 158
References 161
12: Seminal Vesicle 162
Embryology 162
Histology 162
General Overview 162
Fetal Development/Histology 163
References 166
13: Prostate Gland 167
Embryology 167
Histology 168
General Overview 168
Epithelial Elements 168
Stromal Elements 174
References 175
14: Ovary 176
Embryology 176
Histology 177
Folliculogenesis 179
Follicular Atresia 182
Hilus Cells 182
Rete Ovarii and Mesonephric Duct Remnants 183
References 183
15: Fallopian Tubes 184
Embryology 184
Histology 185
References 188
16: Uterus 189
Embryology 189
Histology 190
Uterine Corpus 191
Uterine Cervix 194
References 196
17: Vagina 197
Embryology 197
Histology 197
References 200
SECTION V Endocrine System 201
18: Adrenal Gland 202
Embryology 204
Histology 204
General Overview 204
Capsule 205
Cortex 206
Medulla 209
Special Considerations 210
Heterotopic Adrenal Tissue 210
Adrenal Cytomegaly 211
Adenoid Change in the Definitive Zone of the Cortex 212
Calcifications 212
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis 212
References 213
19: Thyroid Gland 214
Embryology 214
Histology 215
Thyroid Follicles 216
C Cells 222
Stroma 223
Special Considerations 224
Intrathryroidal Inclusions 224
Ultimobranchial Body Remnants 224
References 225
20: Parathyroid Gland 226
Embryology 226
Histology 226
References 230
21: Pituitary Gland 231
Embryology 231
Histology 232
General Overview 232
Anterior Pituitary 234
Posterior Pituitary 237
References 238
SECTION VI Hematolymphoid System 239
22: Thymus Gland 240
Embryology 240
Histology 240
General Overview 240
Capsule and Connective Tissue Trabeculae 241
Cortex 243
Medulla 247
Special Considerations 248
Thymic Tissue in Ectopic Sites 248
Involution of the Thymus Gland 248
References 249
23: Spleen 250
Embryology 250
Histology 250
Capsule 250
Vascular Tree 251
White Pulp 251
Red Pulp 259
Special Considerations 259
Accessory Spleen(s) 259
Fetal Spleen and Hematopoiesis 259
References 259
24: Lymph Nodes and聽Lymphatics 260
Embryology 260
Histology 261
Blood Supply 261
Lymphatics 261
Lymph Nodes 261
Special Considerations 264
Lymph Node and Hematopoiesis 264
Hemophagocytosis 264
References 264
25: Palatine Tonsil 265
Embryology 265
Histology 265
References 269
26: Bone Marrow 270
Embryology 270
Histology 271
Structure of the Bone Marrow 273
Trilineage Hematopoiesis 273
Myelopoiesis 274
Granulopoiesis 274
Monopoiesis 274
Erythropoiesis 275
Megakaryopoiesis 276
Lymphopoiesis 276
Special Considerations 277
Hemophagocytosis 277
References 278
SECTION VII Central Nervous System 279
27: Brain and Spinal Cord 280
Embryology 280
Histology 282
General Overview 282
First Trimester 283
Neural tube 283
Cerebral cortex 283
Brainstem and cerebellum 285
Spinal cord 285
Second and Third Trimesters 285
GW 13 to GW 15 285
GW 16 to GW 18 288
GW 19 to GW 22 290
GW 23 to GW 28 294
GW 29 to GW 33 299
GW 34 to GW 38 303
Term 308
Postnatal 311
References 315
SECTION VIII Musculoskeletal System 316
28: Bone 317
Embryology 317
Histology 322
Structure of Bone 322
Periosteum 322
Cortical bone 322
Medullary canal 323
Histological types of bone 324
Lamellar bone 324
Woven bone 325
Cell Types in Bone 326
Osteoprogenitor cells 326
Osteoblasts 326
Osteocytes 327
Osteoclasts 327
Types of Bone Formation 328
Endochondral ossification 328
Membranous ossification 330
References 330
29: Skeletal Muscle 331
Embryology 331
Histology 332
Early Histogenesis of Muscle 332
Fetal Muscle Development 333
Postnatal Muscle Development 336
Special Considerations 337
Supporting Framework of Muscle 337
Muscle Spindles 337
References 338
SECTION IX Mammary Gland 339
30: Mammary Gland 340
Embryology 340
The Primordia: 6 2/7 to 8 0/7 Weeks 340
Histology 341
The Nipple: 8 to 19 Weeks 341
The Mammary Ducts: 19 Weeks to the Neonatal Period 342
References 353
SECTION X Placenta 354
31: Placenta 355
Embryology 355
Histology 358
Extraplacental Membranes 358
Umbilical Cord 360
Chorionic Plate 365
Basal Plate 367
Villous Parenchyma 370
Special Considerations 377
Multiple Gestations 377
Fetus Papyraceous 378
Yolk Sac Remnant 379
References 380
Appendix 381
Trimming of Blocks for Microscopic Study 381
Index 383
Preface 7
Contributors 9
Contents 11
SECTION I Cardiovascular System 15
1: Heart and Blood Vessels 16
Embryology 16
Histology 17
Pericardium 18
Epicardium 18
Myocardium 19
Endocardium 21
Specialized Structures of the Heart 23
Papillary Muscles and Cordae Tendineae 23
Valve Leaflets and Cusps 23
Conduction System 26
Blood Vessels 28
Aorta 28
Ductus Arteriosus 29
Umbilical Vein 30
References 31
SECTION II Respiratory Tract 32
2: Lung 33
Embryology 34
Histology 35
General Overview of Postnatal Pulmonary Histology 35
Fetal Pulmonary Developmental Stages 39
Embryonic stage 39
Pseudoglandular stage 40
Canalicular stage 41
Saccular stage 43
Alveolar stage 44
Special Considerations 45
Intra-acinar Pulmonary Arterioles 45
Intrapulmonary Karyorrhectic Cells 46
Intrapulmonary Squamous Cells 46
References 47
SECTION III Digestive System 48
3: Gastrointestinal Tract 49
Embryology 49
Histology 50
General Considerations 50
Organization of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract 50
Timing and sequence of developmental events 50
Esophagus 51
Less than 14 weeks 51
14 to 30 weeks 53
30 to 40 weeks 55
Stomach 57
Less than 14 weeks 57
14 to 30 weeks 59
30 to 40 weeks 61
Small Intestine 62
Less than 14 weeks 62
14 to 30 weeks 64
30 to 40 weeks 68
Large Intestine, Appendix, and Anal Canal 69
Less than 14 weeks 69
14 to 30 weeks 69
30 to 40 weeks 74
References 75
4: Liver 76
Embryology 76
Mechanisms of Development of the Liver 76
Development of the Hepatic Vasculature 77
Histology 78
Hepatic Lobule 78
Biliary Tract 82
References 85
5: Pancreas 87
Embryology 87
Histology 88
Exocrine Pancreas 88
Endocrine Pancreas 90
Other Histologic Features 92
References 93
6: Salivary Glands 94
Embryology 94
Histology 94
References 99
SECTION IV Genitourinary Tract 100
Early Embryology of the Genitourinary Tract 101
Primitive Genitourinary Tract 101
General 101
Mesonephros and Mesonephric Duct 102
Ectodermal Ring 104
Inguinal Region and Caudal Gonadal Ligaments 104
Bipotential Genital Tract 107
Bipotential Gonads 107
Bipotential Mesonephric and Paramesonephric Ducts 108
Fate of the Paramesonephric Duct in the Male 108
References 110
7: Kidney 111
Embryology 111
Histology 113
References 122
8: Urinary Bladder 123
Embryology 123
Histology 124
References 126
9: Testis 127
Embryology 127
Histology 129
General Overview 129
10 to 20 Weeks Postmenstrual Age (Figs. 9-2 \u2013 9-10) 129
Maturation of fetal Leydig cells 129
Maturation of germ cells: transformation of gonocytes into fetal spermatogonia 133
Other changes 134
20 to 40 Weeks Postmenstrual Age (Figs. 9-12 \u2013 9-32) 134
Regression and dedifferentiation of fetal Leydig cells 134
Maturation of germ cells 134
Other changes 134
Two Months Postnatal Age: Mini Puberty (Figs. 9-33 \u2013 9-35) 141
Special Considerations 142
Paramesonephric remnants 143
Mesonephric remnants 144
Adrenal cortical rests 145
Testicular embryonic remnants 146
References 147
10: Epididymis 148
Embryology 148
Histology 149
General Overview 149
Fetal Histology 150
References 157
11: Vas Deferens 158
Embryology 158
Histology 158
References 161
12: Seminal Vesicle 162
Embryology 162
Histology 162
General Overview 162
Fetal Development/Histology 163
References 166
13: Prostate Gland 167
Embryology 167
Histology 168
General Overview 168
Epithelial Elements 168
Stromal Elements 174
References 175
14: Ovary 176
Embryology 176
Histology 177
Folliculogenesis 179
Follicular Atresia 182
Hilus Cells 182
Rete Ovarii and Mesonephric Duct Remnants 183
References 183
15: Fallopian Tubes 184
Embryology 184
Histology 185
References 188
16: Uterus 189
Embryology 189
Histology 190
Uterine Corpus 191
Uterine Cervix 194
References 196
17: Vagina 197
Embryology 197
Histology 197
References 200
SECTION V Endocrine System 201
18: Adrenal Gland 202
Embryology 204
Histology 204
General Overview 204
Capsule 205
Cortex 206
Medulla 209
Special Considerations 210
Heterotopic Adrenal Tissue 210
Adrenal Cytomegaly 211
Adenoid Change in the Definitive Zone of the Cortex 212
Calcifications 212
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis 212
References 213
19: Thyroid Gland 214
Embryology 214
Histology 215
Thyroid Follicles 216
C Cells 222
Stroma 223
Special Considerations 224
Intrathryroidal Inclusions 224
Ultimobranchial Body Remnants 224
References 225
20: Parathyroid Gland 226
Embryology 226
Histology 226
References 230
21: Pituitary Gland 231
Embryology 231
Histology 232
General Overview 232
Anterior Pituitary 234
Posterior Pituitary 237
References 238
SECTION VI Hematolymphoid System 239
22: Thymus Gland 240
Embryology 240
Histology 240
General Overview 240
Capsule and Connective Tissue Trabeculae 241
Cortex 243
Medulla 247
Special Considerations 248
Thymic Tissue in Ectopic Sites 248
Involution of the Thymus Gland 248
References 249
23: Spleen 250
Embryology 250
Histology 250
Capsule 250
Vascular Tree 251
White Pulp 251
Red Pulp 259
Special Considerations 259
Accessory Spleen(s) 259
Fetal Spleen and Hematopoiesis 259
References 259
24: Lymph Nodes and聽Lymphatics 260
Embryology 260
Histology 261
Blood Supply 261
Lymphatics 261
Lymph Nodes 261
Special Considerations 264
Lymph Node and Hematopoiesis 264
Hemophagocytosis 264
References 264
25: Palatine Tonsil 265
Embryology 265
Histology 265
References 269
26: Bone Marrow 270
Embryology 270
Histology 271
Structure of the Bone Marrow 273
Trilineage Hematopoiesis 273
Myelopoiesis 274
Granulopoiesis 274
Monopoiesis 274
Erythropoiesis 275
Megakaryopoiesis 276
Lymphopoiesis 276
Special Considerations 277
Hemophagocytosis 277
References 278
SECTION VII Central Nervous System 279
27: Brain and Spinal Cord 280
Embryology 280
Histology 282
General Overview 282
First Trimester 283
Neural tube 283
Cerebral cortex 283
Brainstem and cerebellum 285
Spinal cord 285
Second and Third Trimesters 285
GW 13 to GW 15 285
GW 16 to GW 18 288
GW 19 to GW 22 290
GW 23 to GW 28 294
GW 29 to GW 33 299
GW 34 to GW 38 303
Term 308
Postnatal 311
References 315
SECTION VIII Musculoskeletal System 316
28: Bone 317
Embryology 317
Histology 322
Structure of Bone 322
Periosteum 322
Cortical bone 322
Medullary canal 323
Histological types of bone 324
Lamellar bone 324
Woven bone 325
Cell Types in Bone 326
Osteoprogenitor cells 326
Osteoblasts 326
Osteocytes 327
Osteoclasts 327
Types of Bone Formation 328
Endochondral ossification 328
Membranous ossification 330
References 330
29: Skeletal Muscle 331
Embryology 331
Histology 332
Early Histogenesis of Muscle 332
Fetal Muscle Development 333
Postnatal Muscle Development 336
Special Considerations 337
Supporting Framework of Muscle 337
Muscle Spindles 337
References 338
SECTION IX Mammary Gland 339
30: Mammary Gland 340
Embryology 340
The Primordia: 6 2/7 to 8 0/7 Weeks 340
Histology 341
The Nipple: 8 to 19 Weeks 341
The Mammary Ducts: 19 Weeks to the Neonatal Period 342
References 353
SECTION X Placenta 354
31: Placenta 355
Embryology 355
Histology 358
Extraplacental Membranes 358
Umbilical Cord 360
Chorionic Plate 365
Basal Plate 367
Villous Parenchyma 370
Special Considerations 377
Multiple Gestations 377
Fetus Papyraceous 378
Yolk Sac Remnant 379
References 380
Appendix 381
Trimming of Blocks for Microscopic Study 381
Index 383
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