European culture: an introduction

introduction

1. uses of the subject

2. two major elements in european culture division one greek culture and roman culture

i. greek culture

1. the historical context

2. social and political structure

3. homer

4. lyric poetry

5. drama

a. aeschylus (525--456 b. c. )

b. sophocles (496--406 b. c. )

c. euripides (484--406 b. c. )

d. comedy

6. history

a. herodotus (484--430 b. c. )

b. thucydides (about 460--404 b. c. )

7. philosophy and science

a. socrates

b. plato

c. aristotle

.d. contending schools of thought

e. science

8. art, architecture, sculpture and pottery

a. art

b. architecture

c. sculpture

i. discus thrower

ii. venus de milo

iii. laocoon group about 125 b.c.

d. pottery

9. impact

a. spirit of innovation

b. supreme achievement

c. lasting effect question for revision

ii. roman culture

1. romans and greeks

2. roman history

3. latin literature

a. prose

i. marcus tullius cicero (106--43 b. c. )

ii. julius caesar (102/100?--44 b. c. )

b. poetry

i. lucretius (about 93--50 b. c. )

ii. virgil (70--19 b. c. )

4. architecture, painting and sculpture

a. architecture

i. the pantheon

ii. pont du gard

iii. the colosseum

b. painting

c. sculpture

i. constantine the great

ii. spoils from the temple in jerusalem (81 a.d. )

iii. she-wolf

questions for revision division two the bible and christianity

i. general introduction

ii. the old testament

1. the pentateuch

a. the fall of man

b. noah's ark

c. ten commandments

2. the historical books

3. the poetical books

a. book of job

b. book of psalms

c. proverb

d. ecclesiastes

e. song of solomon

4. the prophets

a. amos

b. jeremiah (about 650--570 b. c. )

c. the book of daniel

iii. rise of christianity

1. the life of jesus

2. the spread of christianity

iv. the new testament

1. the birth of jesus

2. jesus is tempted by the devil

3. the sermon on the mount

4. the last supper

5. the crucifixion'

v. translations of the bible

questions for revision division three the middle ages

i. general introduction

ii. manor and church

1. feudalism

a. growth of feudalism

b. the manor

c. knighthood and code of chivalry

2. the church

a. the organization of church

b. church fathers and early monasticism

c. the power and influence of the catholic church

3. the crusades

lli. learning and science

1. charlemagne and carolingian renaissance

2. alfred the great and wessex centre of learning

3. st. thomas aquinas and scholasticism

4. roger bacon and experimental science

iv. literature

1. national epics

a. beowulf (700--750 a. d. )

b. song of roland (about the 12th century a.d. )

2. dante alighieri and the divine comedy

3. geoffrey chaucer and the canterbury tales

v. art and architecture

1. romanesque

2. gothic

questions for revision division four enaissance and reformation

i. general introduction

ii. renaissance in italy

1. historical background

2. the rise of humanism

3. new literature

a. giovanni boccaccio (1313--1375)

b. francesco petrarch (1304--1374)

4. renaissance art

a. early renaissance artists

i. giotto (about 1266---1337)

ii. filippo brunelleschi (1377--1446)

iii. donatello (1386--1466)

iv. giorgione (giorio de castelfranco,

about 1477--1510)

b. high renaissance artists

i. leonardo da vinci (1452--1519)

ii. michelangelo buonarroti

iii. raphael (raffaello sancio, 1483--1520)

iv. titian (about 1488--1576)

5. decline of the italian renaissance

iii. reformation and counter-reformation

1. pre-luther religious reformers

a. john wycliffe (about 1330--1384)

b. jan hus (1372--1415)

2. martin luther (1483--1546) and his doctrines

a. beginning of the reformation

b. translation of the bible

c. gospel of love and idea of equality

3. john calvin (1509--1564) and calvinism

4. reformation in england

5. counter-reformation

a. council of trent

b. ignatius and the jesuits

6. protestantism and the rise of capitalism

7. conclusion

iv. renaissance in other countries

1. renaissance in france

a. historical background

b. renaissance writers in france

i. francois rabelais (about 1483--1553)

ii. pleiade

iii. michel eyques de montaigne (1533--1592)

2. renaissance in spain

a. historical background

b. literature

miguel de cervantes (1547--1616)

c. art el greco (1541--1614)

3. renaissance in the north

a. renaissance in the netherlands

erasmus (about 14667--1536)

b. renaissance in flanders

pieter bruegel (the elder) (about 1525--1569)

c. renaissance in germany

i. albrecht durer (1471--1528)

ii. hans holbein (the younger)

4. renaissance in england

a. historical background

b. thomas more (1477--1535)

c. william shakespeare (1564--1616)

v. science and technology during the renaissance

1. geographical discoveries

a. christopher columbus (1451--1506)

b. bartholomeu dias (14667--1500)

c. vasco da gama (about 1460--1524)

d. amerigo vespucci (1457--1512)

2. astronomy

nicolaus copernicus (1473--1543)

3. anatomy

a. leonardo da vinci (1452--1519)

b. andreas vesalius ( 1514-- 1564)

4. printing

aldus manutius (1450--1515)

5. political science and historiography

a. dante (1265--1321)

b. niceol6 machiavelli (1469--1527)

c. giorgio vosari (1511--1574)

vi. summing-up

questions for revision division five the seventeenth century

i. general introduction

ii. science

1. from copernicus to kepler

2. galileo galilei (1564--1642)

3. sir isaac newton (1642--1727)

4. gottfried wilhelm von leibniz (1646--1716)

5. invention of new instruments

6. two merits shared by the great scientists

of the 17th century

iii. philosophy, politics and literature in england

1. francis bacon (1561--1626)

2. thomas hobbes (1588--1679)

a. hobbes's materialist views

b. the natural state of war

c. the laws of nature

d. the theory of the social contract

3. john locke (1632m1704)

a. locke's materialist views

b. locke's political philosophy

c. the social contract

4. john milton and the english revolution

iv. descartes; french classicism

1. ren6 descartes (1596--1650)

a. the method of cartesian doubt

b. descartes's theory of knowledge

c. innate ideas

d. descartes's dualism

2. french classicism

a. pierre corneille (1606--1684)

b. jean racine (1637--1699)

c. moliere (1622--1673)

v. art

1. baroque art

a. giovanni lorenzo bernini (1598--1680)

b. michelangelo caravaggio (1573--1610)

c. francesco borromini (1599--1667)

d. peter paul rubens (1577--1640)

e. diego velazquez (1599--1660)

2. dutch protestant art

van rijn rembrandt (1606--1669)

3. art and architecture in france

4. music

questions for revision division six the age of enlightenment

i. general introduction

1. enlightenment

2. historical context

ii. french philosophy and literature

1. baron de la bride et de montesquieu (1689--1755)

a. persian letters (1721)

b. the spirit of the laws (1748)

2. voltaire (pseudonym of jean francois arouet,1694--1778)

a. lettres anglaise (also circulated as lettres philosophiques ) (1739)

b. candide (1758)

3. jean-jacques rousseau (1712--1778)

a. the origin of human inequality (1755)

b. the new heloise (1761)

c. emile, or oneducation (1762)

d. the social contract (1762)

e. the confessions (1764--1770)

4. denis diderot (1713--1784)

a. philosophical thoughts (1746)

b. letters on the blind (1749)

c. encyclopedie (1751)

d. elements of physiology (1774--1780)

e. rameau's nephew (1761--1774)

iii. english literature

1. alexander pope (1688--1744)

a. essay on criticism (1711)

b. the rape of the lock (1712--1714)

c. dunciad (1728)

d. essay on man (1733--1734)

2. daniel defoe (1660--1731)

3. jonathan swift (1667--1745)

a. a modest proposal

b. gulliver's travels ( travels into several remote

nations of the world ... by lemuel gulliver) (1726)

4. samuel richardson (1689--1761)

5. henry fielding (1707--1754)

6. samuel johnson (1709--1784)

7. journalism and the periodical essay

german literature and philosophy

1. gotthold ephraim lessing (1729--1781)

a. minna yon barnhelm (1767)

b. nathan the wise (1779)

c. laocoon (1766)

d. hamburgische dramaturgie

2. wolfgang ron goethe (1749--1832)

a. the sorrows of young werther (1774)

b. wilhelm meister's apprenticeship (1795--1796)

c. wilhelm meister's travels (1821 1829)

d. faust (part i, 1808; part ii ,1832)

e. poetry and truth (1811--1831)

3. johann christoph friedrich yon schiller (1759w1805)

a. the robber (1781)

b. cabal and love (1784)

c. wallenstein (1798 and 1799)

d. wilhelm tell (1804)

4. immanuel kant (1724--1804)

a. general history of nature and theory of the heavens (1755)

b. critique of pure reason

c. critique of practical reason

d. critique of judgment

v. art

1. rococo art

2. typical works and major artists

a. salon de la princesse, hotel de soubise

b. rococo painters

i. antoine watteau (1684--1721)

ii. francois boucher (1703--1770)

vi. music

1. the musical enlightenment

a. johann sebastian bach (1685--1750)

b. george friderick handel (1685--1759)

2. the classical period

a. joseph haydn (1732--1809)

b. wolfgang amadeus mozart (1756--1791)

questions for revision division seven romanticism general introduction

1. what is romanticism?

2. two revolutions

romanticism in germany

1. goethe (1749--1832) and schiller (1759--1805)

2. schlegel brothers (the jena school)

3. heinrich heine (1797--1856)

romanticism in england

1. william blake (1757--1827)

2. the lakers -- wordsworth and coleridge

3. george gordon byron (1788--1824)

4. percy bysshe shelley (1792--1822)

5. john keats (1795--1821)

6. walter scott (1771--1832)

iv. romanticism in france

1. chateaubriand (1768--1848)

2. victor hugo (1802--1885)

3. george sand (1804--1876)

v. romanticism in italy

1. alessandro manzoni (1785--1873)

2. giacomo leopardi (1798--1837)

vi. romanticism in russia

1. aleksander pushkin (1799--1837)

2. mikhail y. lermontov (1814--1841)

vi. romanticism in poland

adam mickiewicz (1798--1855)

vii. concluding remarks -- a true movement

ix. art and architecture

1. paintings

a. goya (1746--1828)

b. david (1748--1825)

c. delacroix (1798--1863)

d. gericault (1791--1824)

e. turner (1775--1851)

f. john constable (1776--1837)

2. architecture

x. music

1. the early romantics

a. ludwig van beethoven (1770--1827)

b. franz schubert (1797--1828)

c. frederic chopin (1810--1849)

d. robert schumann (1810--1856)

e. felix mendelssohn (1809--1847)

2. the later romantics -- middle of the 19th century

a. johannes brahms (1833--1897)

b. peter ilitch tchaikovsky (1840--1893)

division eight marxism and darwinism the rise of marxism

1. general introduction

2. historical background

3. the three sources and three component parts of marxism

a. german classical philosophy and marxist philosophy

i. hegelian dialectics

ii. feuerbach's materialism

iii. marxist philosophy

iv. marxist historical materialism

b. english classical political economy and marxist political economy

e. utopian socialism and scientific socialism

i. robert owen (1771--1858)

ii. henri de saint-simon (1760--1825)

iii. charles fourier (1772--1837)

marx and literature

5. summing-up

ii. darwinism

1. general introduction

2. ideas of evolution before darwin

a. jean-baptiste de monet lamarck (1744--1829)

b. sir charles lyell (1797--1875)

c. karl marx (1818--1883)

3. life of charles darwin (1809--1882)

4. darwin's works and theories

a. on the origin of species by means of natural

selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life

b. the descent of man

5. effects of darwinism

a. on biology

b. on theology

c. on social science

division nine realism

i. general introduction

1. what is realism?

2. the historical background

ii. realism in france

1. stendhal (pen name of marie henri beyle, 1783--1842)

2. honore de balzac (1799--1850)

3. gustave flauberr (182i--1880)

4. emile zola ( 1840--1902)

5. guy de maupassant (1850--1893)

iii. realism in russia

1. nikolai gogol (1809--1852)

2. ivan sergeyevich turgenev (1818--1883)

3. fyodor dostoyevsky (1821--1881)

4. count leo tolstoy (1828--1910)

5. anton pavlovich chekhov (1860--1904)

iv. realism in northern europe

1. henrik ibsen (1828--1906)

2. august strindberg (1849--1912)

v. realism in england

l. charles dickens (1812--1870)

2. george eliot (pen name of mary ann evans(1819--1880)

3. william makepeace thackeray (1811--1863)

4. thomas hardy (1840--1928)

5. george bernard shaw (1856--1950)

vi. realism in the united states

1. harriet beecher stowe (1811--1896)

2. walt whitman (1819--1892)

3. mark twain (pen name of samuel langhorne clemens(1835--1910)

4. henry james (1843--1916)

art

1. realism in art

a. gustave courbet (1819--1877)

b. jean-francois millet (1814--1875)

2. impressionism in art

a. edouard manet (1832--1883)

b. claude monet (1840--t926)

c. camille pissarro (1830--1903)

d. pierre auguste renoir (1841--1919)

e. hilaire germain edgar degas (1834--1917)

3. post- impressionism

a. paul cezanne (1839--1906)

b. vincent van gogh (1853--1890)

c. paul gauguin (1848--1903)

4. sculpture

5. architecture

vii. music at the turn of the century

1. antonin dvorak (1841--1904)

2. claude debussy (1862--1918)

questions for revision division ten modernism and other trends

i. general introduction

1. modernism defined

2. historical context

3. progress in science

4. new ideas and thoughts

a. the unconscious

b. id, ego, superego

c. oedipus complex

ii. contemporary western literature before 1945

1. english literature

a. t. s. eliot (1888--1965)

b. joseph conrad (1857--1924)

c. virginia woolf (1882--1941)

d. david herbert lawrence (1885--1930)

2. irish literature

a. william butler yeats (1865--1939)

b. james joyce (1882--1941)

3. american literature

a. ezra pound (1885--1972)

b. william faulkner (1897--1962)

c. ernest hemingway (1899--1961)

4. german literature

thomas mann (1875--1955)

5. french literature

a. andre gide (1869--1951)

b. marcel proust (1871--1922)

c. albert camus (1913--1960)

6. russian and soviet literature

a. maksim corky (1868--1936)

b. mikhail aleksandrovich sholokhov (1905--1984)

literature and philosophy since 1945

1. angry young men in england

a. kingsley amis (1922--1995)

b. john osborne (1929--1994)

2. beat generation in america

a. allen ginsberg (1926--1997)

b. jack kerouac (1922--1969)

3. nouveau roman (new novel)

a. alain robbe-grillet (1922-- )

b. nathalie sarraute (1902-- )

4. existentialism jean-paul sartre (1905--1980)

5. the theatre of the absurd

a. samuel beckett (1906--1989)

b. eugene ionesco (1912--1994)

6. black humour

joseph heller (1923--1999)

iv. art and music

1. art

a. fauvism

i. henri matisse (1869--1954

ii. andre derain (1880--1954

b. expressionism

i. emil nolde (1867--1956)

ii. george grosz (1893--1959)

iii. max beckmann (1884--1950)

iv. paul klee (1879--1940)

v. wassily kandinsky (1866--1944)

c. cubism

i. pablo picasso (1881--1973)

ii. georges braque (1882--1963)

d. futurism umberto boccioni (1882--1916)

e. dadaism

i. marcel duchamp (1887--1968)

ii. max ernst (1891--1976)

f. surrealism

i. salvador dali (1904--1989)

ii. joan mir6 (1893--1983)

g. abstract expressionism jackson pollock (1912--1956)

2. sculpture

a. henry moore (1898--1986)

b. constantine brancusi (1876--1957)

3. music

a. arnold schoenberg (1874--1951)

b. igor stravinsky (1882--1971)

c. bela bart6k (1881--1945)

d. dmitry shostakovich (1906--1973)

questions for revision

belect bibliography 参考书目

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