Semantics

preface by halliday

王宗炎序

导读

list of figures and tables

preface

list of abbreviations and symbols

part ipreliminaries

1 semantics in linguistics

1.1introduction

1.2semantics and semiotics

1.3three challenges in doing semantics

1.4meeting the challenges

1.5semantics in a model of grammar

1.5.1introduction

1.5.2word meaning and sentence meaning

1.6 some important assumptions

1.6.1reference and sense

1.6.2utterances, sentences and propositions

1.6.3literal and non-literal meaning

1.6.4semantics and pragmatics

.1.7summary

further reading

exercises

notes

meaning, thought and reality

2.1introduction

2.2reference

2.2.1types of reference

2.2.2names

2.2.3nouns and noun phrases

2.3reference as a theory of meaning

2.4mental representations

2.4.1introduction

2.4.2concepts

2.4.3necessary and sufficient conditions

2.4.4prototypes

2.4.5relations between concepts

2.4.6acquiring concepts

2.5words, concepts and thinking

2.5.1linguistic relativity

2.5.2the language of thought hypothesis

2.5.3thought and reality

2.6summary

further reading

exercises

notes

part ii semantic description

3 word meaning

3.1introduction

3.2words and grammatical categories

3.3words and lexical items

3.4problems and pinning down word meaning

3.5lexical relations

3.5.1homonymy

3.5.2polysemy

3.5.3synonymy

3.5.4opposites (antonymy)

3.5.5 hyponymy

3.5.6 meronymy

3.5.7member-collection

3.5.8portion-mass

3.6derivational relations

3. 6.1causative verbs

3.6.2a gentive nouns

3.7summary

further reading

exercises

notes

4 sentence relations and truth

4.1introduction

4.2logic and truth

4.3necessary truth, a priori truth and analyticity

4.4entailment

4.5presupposition

4.5.1introduction

4.5.2two approaches to presupposition

4.5.3presupposition failure

4.5.4presupposition triggers

4.5.5presuppositions and context

4.5.6pragmatic theories of presupposition

4.6summary

further reading

exercises

notes

5 sentence semantics 1: situations

5.1introduction

5.2classifying situations

5.2.1introduction

5.2.2verbs and situation types

5.2.3a system of situation types

5.2.4tense and aspect

5.2.5comparing aspect across languages

5.2. 6gombining situation type and aspect

5.3modality and evidentiality

5.3.1modality

5.3.2mood

5.3.3evidentiality

5.4summary

further reading

exercises

notes

6 sentence semantics 2: participants

6.1introduction: classifying participants

6.2thematic roles

6.3grammatical relations and thematic roles

6.4verbs and thematic role grids

6.5problems with thematic roles

6.6the motivation for identififing thematic roles

6.7voice

6.7.1passive voice

6.7.2comparing passive constructions across languages

6.7.3middle voice

6.8summary

further reading

exercises

notes

context and inference

7.1introduction

7.2deixis

7.2.1spatial deixis

7.2.2grammaticalization of context

7.2.3extensions of spatial deixis

7.2.4person deixis

7.2.5social deixis

7.3reference and context

7.4knowledge as context

7.4.1discourse as context

7.4.2background knowledge as context

7.4.3mumm knowledge

7.4.4giving background knowledge to computers

7.5information structure

7.6inference

7.7. conversational implicature

7.8. summary

further reading

exercises

notes

8 functions of language: speech as action

8.1introduction

8.2austin's speech act theory

8.2.1introduction

8.2.2evaluating performative utterances

8.2. 3explicit and implicit performatives

8.2.4statements as performatives

8. 2. 5three facets of a speech act

8.3categorizing speech acts

8.4indirect speech acts

8.4.1introduction

8.4.2understanding indirect speech acts

8.4.3indirect acts and politeness

8.5sentence types

8.6summary

further reading

exercises

notes

part iii theoretical approaches

9 meaning components

9.1introduction

9.2lexical relations in ca

9.2.1binary features

9.2.2redundancy rules

9.3katz's semantic theory

9.3.1introduction

9.3.2the katzian dictionary

9.3.3projection rules

9.4grammatical rules and semantic components

9.4.1the methodology

9.4.2thematic roles and linking rules

9.5components and conflation patterns

9.6 jackendoff's conceptual structure

9.6.1introduction

9.6.2the semanffc components

9.6.3localist semantic fields

9.6.4complex events and states

9.6.5things: semantic classes of nominals

9.6.6cross-category generalizations

9.6.7processes of semantic combination

9.7problems with components of meaning

9.8summary

further reading

exercises

notes

10 formal semantics

10.1introduction

10.2model-theoretical semantics

10.3translating english into a logical metalanguage

10.3.1introduction

10.3.2simple statements in predicate logic

10.3.3quantifiers in predicate logic

10.3.4some advantages of predicate logic translation

10.4the semantics of the logical metalanguage

10.4.1introduction

10.4.2the semantic interpretation of predicate logic symbols

10.4.3the domain

10.4.4the denotation assignment function

10.5checking the truth value of sentences

10.5.1evaluating a simple statement

10.5.2evaluating a compound sentence with'and'

10.5.3evaluating sentences with the quantifiersand
10.6intensionality

10.6.1introduction

10.6.2modality

10.6.3tense and aspect

10.7word meaning: meaning postulates

10.8summary

further reading

exercises

notes

11cognitive semantics

11.1introduction

11.2metaphor

11.2.1introduction

11.2.2metaphor in cognitive semantics

11.2.3features of metaphor

11.2.4the influence of metaphor

11.3image schemas

11.3.1containment schema

11.3.2path schema

11.3.3force schemas

11.4polysemy

11.4.1prepositions

11.4.2modal verbs

11.5mental spaces

11.5.1connections between spaces

11.5.2referential opacity

11.5.3presupposition

11.5.4section summary

11.6construing a scene

11.6.1perspective

11.6.2profiling

11.6.3scanning

11.7summary

further reading

exercises

notes

references

index

文库索引